Does biofuels can be commodities? Marcia Real, D.Sc. Fluminense Federal University WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Transport and energy current situation; Evolution of transport energy demand; Technologies for road transport; New fuels and technologies for road vehicles; Main barriers for biofuels; Points to consider WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 Organizing ours thoughts

Speed: km/h Fuel: Solar Energy Autonomy: Non-Stop to refuel Maintenance: Absorption of solar energy and recycling of matter Surface area: 70% Water and 10% deserts WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 The earth is blue and must be green also!!

Word Energy Outlook- 2050, EC Were are we and where are we going? Population in 2050 = 9 bi +> 30% > than 2010 Energy demand will double by 2050 Population Energy demand

Lets take a look at energy sources and their consumption 2002: ~9.6 billion tonnes of oil equivalent 2012: ~12,5 billion tonnes of oil equivalent + 30% Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 Free of fossil carbon 11,2% Biofuels= 1,9% Biofuels= 1,9% WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013

Source: World Energy Outlook, IEA, 2012 Lets take a look at oil consumption by sectors

Every day transport is even more dependent on oil Source: Pathways to a Clean Energy, IEA, 2012 Road transportation: More than 75% of total oil Lets take a look at oil consumption by transport mode

Our reality: World Car Fleet in 2010: 1,015,261 vehicles "Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31, July 2012" WBS Bioenergy Symposium 2013 Low rate

By 2050, the total stock of light duty passenger vehicles could triple, and reach 2.2 to 2.7 billion. The International Energy Agency estimates that it would be difficult to supply the volume of liquid fuels required by this forecast. It also warn about the danger for the climate stability to allow the corresponding CO2 emissions: on a “well to wheel” basis, the total fleet. What can we expect for the future?

3 Possible futures 2DS A sustainable energy system to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) The Scenario of 2° C 4DS reflects countries' commitments to reduce their emissions and increase energy efficiency The Scenario of 4°C 6DS Where the world is going, with potentially devastating results. The Scenario of 6°C

Global Warming: We need to stabilize global temperature Source: IPCC, 2012

Back to the transport.. By 2050 the CO2 levels will be the same than in 2000 We cannot keep moving the same way

1.Improving vehicles efficiency: More efficient vehicles / lighter=> ICE (Internal Combustion Engine); 2.Changing fuels and propulsion: Fuels: Renewable Electricity/ H2, Biofuels Propulsion: Hybrid vehicles=> ICE + Electric Motor; Electric Motors =>Renewable energy supply Low carbon fuels We need to change: Key technologies and practices to reduce GHG emissions from Road Vehicles

MOTOR OTTO (spark ignition) MOTOR DIESEL (compression ignition) Propulsion technology prevalent in today's vehicles

They are working to improve fuel efficiency

IEA, 2012, Tapping technology’s potential to secure a clean energy future IEA Scenarium for Car Sales and clean energy future /ICE Biofuels can be used in all these propulsion technologies Electric motor

Sources of Automotive Fuels Automotive Fuels Gasoline Diesel GLP GNV DME Methanol Ethanol Biodiesel Hydrogen Electricity Biomass Other (Windsolar, geothermal, Hydro) Renewable Non-Renewable ` Oil Natural gas Coal, Oil shale, Tar Sands. Uranium Synthetic Diesel

Diesel Oil - Fuel traditionally extracted oil. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons (CxHy) with appropriate chemical and physical characteristics to diesel engines; Synthetic Diesel - Mix of Hydrocarbons (Cx Hy) produced from organic raw materials, renewable (biomass) or not (natural gas or coal) with physicochemical characteristics similar to diesel. Biodiesel - is a mixture of esters of long chain carboxylic acids produced from the trans esterification or esterification of materials greases, fats of vegetable or animal origin, or other renewable raw materials; Ethanol - also called ethyl alcohol (CH3 CH2 OH) is an organic substance that can be produced from many ways: (a) fermentation of carbohydrate, (b) hydration of ethane or (c) reducing the acetaldehyde. Regardless of the production process the final product is the same... So what is BIOETANOL??? Nomenclature of Biofuels

Starchy vegetables Animal fats Oilseeds Fats Diesel (CxHy) Processing / extraction Vegetal oils esterification / transesterification Biodiesel (esters) hydrolysis Sugars fermentation Ethanol Plant saccharides Grinding / Extraction Hydrotreating / Refining Algae Traditional Processes for Biofuels Production

Biofuels production by region Million tonnes oil equivalent Source: BP, 2013

Raw materials compete with food; Requires arable land for production inputs; Promotes or Induces Deforestation; Needs a lot of water for crop; Tendency to monoculture=> bad for biodiversity; The supply chain of some biofuels emits more CO2 than petroleum liquids. The main criticism against biofuels made by traditional processes

Lignocellulosic materials Oil Pyrolysis Hydrotherm Liquefaction Enzymatic Hydrolysis Synthesis BTL Diesel (CxHy) Hydrotreating / Refining Algae Gasification Ethanol Hydrogenation Fermentation Sugars Advanced Biofuel Production Processes

–Use of residual biomass; –Production does not compete for land with food; –Possibility of use of degraded land; –Compared to traditional fuels, biofuels have better environmental and energetic benefits => higher yield of energy-biomass / unit area; –Capital cost of the facility is higher than traditional processes, but lower cost MPs. Advantages of Advanced Biofuels

Source: Second-generation biofuels: potential and perspectives, IEA, 2010 Global potential of bioenergy for 2050 : ( Highly variable)

Stage of Technologies Development for the Production of Biofuels

Stage development of Biofuels European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP)

Main Plants in EU Main Plants in U.S.

Source:2011

Indirect use of solar energy; Use of waste and recyclable materials; More balance in the carbon cycle (photosynthesis); Reduces emissions from fossil carbon; Reduces the risk of increase in average temperature of the planet; Need for economies of scale and investment in infrastructure for new fuels and vehicles; Increases energy and climate security. Points to consider Does biofuels can be commodities?  YES: Only if we produce advanced biofuels, because:

Thank you!