Standard(s): 21. Trace the founding of Rome to Caesar Augustus (Pax Romana) 22. List the key contributions/accomplishments of the Roman Empire 23. Identify key figures of the period and their contributions or area of influence 24. Give reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire 25. Trace the growth of Christianity during Roman rule

Ancient Rome

The Land of Italy A peninsula, shaped like a boot, that juts into the Mediterranean Sea

Sicily An island west of the “toe” –Attracted Ancient Greeks Because of it’s rich farmland

Northern border of present-day Italy Walled off Italy from the rest of Europe The Alps

The Apennines Mountains that form a “backbone” down the peninsula Their great height makes travel difficult Lacks rich soil –The people turned to sheep herding

Fertile Plains Po River Valley –One of the most important Latium –The Tiber River runs through the center of the plain –Location of the center of the Roman Empire

Rome Rome developed over seven hills –They protected the city from attack The Tiber River eased travel between the mountains and Mediterranean coast –Brought goods and news from faraway seaports The Latium plain is surrounded by inactive volcanoes –Past eruptions created rich soil

Prosperous Farms Grew wheat, beans cabbage, and lettuce, and fruit Grew grapes for wine –Watered down for drinking –Poured into wounds for healing –Became a valuable trade good

The Etruscans Early settlers on the Etrurian plain –Tuscany today 575 B.C. conquered much of the Italian peninsula –Including Rome –Ruled for many years

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The Roman Republic

Early Rome Rome was divided into two groups –Plebeians Farmers Tradesmen craftsworkers –Patricians Members of Rome’s noble families They owned farms –Plebeians worked the land

Rome had few slaves Roman women could not participate in civil life

The Republic 494 B.C. –The Plebeians rebelled –The Patricians were forced to accept the plebeian’s demands –The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years

Government The citizens of Rome elected their representatives –Citizens elected people to run the government –Similar to the U.S. today –But … in Rome not all votes were equal

Three Branches of Government

Oldest and most powerful branch Senate –Controlled by Patricians –Said how Rome would act toward other governments –Controlled the money –Chosen for Life

Citizen Assembly Elected by the patricians Elected the tribunes –As their representatives –Leaders of the citizens assembly –Protected the rights of the plebeians Elected Consuls Had to agree to the laws and any changes. –Checks and Balances

Consuls Elected by the Citizen Assembly Served one year as army commanders and judges –Could order arrests –Could propose laws The Citizens Assembly could veto their actions One Consul had to be a Plebeian

The Twelve Tablets Governed all aspects of Roman life –Marriage –Trade –Warfare Were posted in the Forum –Part market, part town square –Where citizens presented their cases to the judges

The First Punic War 264 B.C. Roman soldiers land on the island of Sicily Sparked conflicts with the empire of Carthage

After 20 years of fighting Carthage surrendered Sicily to Rome Rome seized more lands controlled by Carthage

The Second Punic War 218 B.C. –Hannibal is sent with a Carthaginian army to attack Rome –Rome’s navy controlled the waters –Hannibal planned to attack by land

Hannibal arched from Spain, over the Alps –With 90,000 men and trained elephants

Hannibal crossed the Alps but lost thousands of men –He defeated many Roman armies –He caused a lot of destruction –but was stranded and had to retreat

202 B.C. –While Hannibal was in Italy, Roman consul Scipio Africanus invaded Carthage –Hannibal returned and fought, but was defeated at the Battle of Zama –Rome was now the most powerful nation in the Mediterranean region

Roman and Greece Between 214 and 148 B.C. Rome conquered Greece

–Rome was influenced by Greek culture Educated Romans learned to speak Greek The wealthy collected Greek art

Shared Gods and Goddesses

Greek/Roman god(dess) research activity

Power Brings Problems The rich grew richer The poor grew poorer Rome’s government was designed to govern a city, not an empire

Effort at Reform Rome’s conquered territories felt they had no say in the government 90 B.C. – Rome’s Italian allies revolted –When the revolt ended they were given Roman citizenship

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The Roman Empire

Julius Caesar Born into a patrician family In 59 B.C. he was elected consul of Rome In 58 B.C. he became the military governor of Roman Gaul (part of today’s France)

By 51 B.C. Caesar had conquered the rest of Gaul –Extending Rome’s control to the English Channel

The Senate worried about Caesar’s growing power –And ordered him to return to Rome without his army Instead, he and his army crossed the Rubicon River into Italy –And started a civil war

Pompey Caesar’s main enemy Caesar defeated him –Pompey fled to Egypt And was murdered

Cleopatra Caesar sailed to Alexandria Helped Cleopatra defeat her brother Ptolemy for the throne of Egypt In return, Cleopatra gave Caesar money to continue fighting for control of Rome

In 45 B.C. Caesar returned to Rome and made himself dictator –A ruler with sole power

Caesar’s Rule Gave land to his soldiers Gave free grain to poor citizens Increased the number of people in the senate Granted Roman citizenship to people not born in Rome Ordered a new, more accurate calendar –Named the month of his birth “July”

Senators grew concerned with Caesar –About all the changes he made –About his growing power and popularity –About his destroying tradition –They thought he was going to make himself king

The “Ides of March” Caesar arrived at the Senate and was stabbed to death by enemies

Octavian After Caesar’s death civil war broke out again After 14 years of fighting Octavian, Caesar’s grand nephew, defeated his rivals and becomes imperator (emperor) –He took the name Augustus –He reformed the government of Rome

Augustus made the government more efficient –Built new roads, buildings, water systems –Created a a single system of government and money –Goods came in from all over the Mediterranean Wheat from North Africa Copper pots from Spain Greek wool, Egyptian linen, Chinese silk

Pax Romana Latin for “Roman Peace” A time of stability and prosperity Lasted from 27 B.C. to A.D. 193

Rome About one million people lived in Rome Under Augustus Romans enjoyed –Police and fire protection –Free bread –Entertainment At the city’s center was the Forum –Large marble buildings –Theaters

Were forced to fight in arenas Were slaves or criminals condemned to death Gladiators

The Colosseum An enormous stadium built for gladiator “games”

Controlling the Empire Rome taxed everyone to pay for its empire Army units enforced Roman law –Roman soldiers were paid to serve Many were poor men looking to earn a living

The Census A count of people living in the empire Taken every five years

Pompeii In A.D. 79 Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in southern Italy, erupted and buried the city in ash People were caught unaware Archeologists excavated (dug out) the city –Tells us about life in Pompeii

Daily Life The city was laid out in blocks Many houses were found both rich and poor –Some with shops –Larger ones with gardens Public buildings –Baths –Theaters

Rome’s Great Projects Aqueducts –Raised waterways that brought fresh water into the city

Public Baths Where people went to discuss politics, business, and to gossip to friends Included libraries, museums and art galleries

The Arch –Carried great weight –Keystone pressed against other stones locking them in place –Replaced columns to hold up roofs Concrete –Used to form walls of temples, baths, and bridges, many that are still standing

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The Birth of Christianity

The Life of Jesus Jesus was born in Judea –Part of the Roman Empire under Augustus

The New Testament Tells us most of what we know about Jesus Together with the Old Testament (the Hebrew Torah) it is the Bible

Jesus the Teacher From the age of 30 Jesus spent his time as a Jewish teacher –Warning people about the importance of living a just life

People believed Jesus could perform miracles –And that Jesus was the Messiah A leader sent by God to guide the Jewish people

Christianity Those who followed Jesus became know as Christians –Their religion became known as Christianity

Jesus’ Message Jesus’ teachings are often used as parables –Short stories that carry a message Taught seeking the right path in life Taught the importance of loving all people

The Apostles The 12 men Jesus chose to help him teach –They came from many different ways of life with little in common Peter – a fisherman Levi – a tax collector

The Death of Jesus Jesus’ popularity troubled some people –They were afraid he would want to be king The Roman governor was afraid of a revolt in Judea

When Jesus came to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover the Romans arrested him The Roman governor sentenced him to die by crucifixion –Usually a punishment for criminals

Resurrection Three days later Jesus rose to heaven Easter celebrates his renewed life

Christian Churches Jesus’ followers set up Christian churches throughout the Roman Empire Some Roman leaders punished Christians because they would not worship the emperor The new religion continued to grow

Jesus’ message of love, hope and a better world to come appealed to many people living under the Roman rule.

Paul Originally Saul of Tarsus Well educated At first opposed Christianity Later became Christian, changed his name to Paul, and helped spread Christianity

Peter Helped bring Christianity to Rome The first bishop Later the first pope, Latin for “father”

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Rome and Byzantium

Unrest and Invasion The Roman Empire grew weaker and poorer It had relied on foreign soldiers for protection When Germanic people began to settle with the Roman empire the army was too weak to stop them

Cities and farms were destroyed The government could not collect taxes Trade declined Western Roman cities built thick walls for protection Wealthy landowners made forts of their homes

Diocletian Came to power in A.D. 284 Divided the empire into two parts –He took over the eastern half of the empire Egypt Greece Western Asia –Assistants ruled the western half

Diocletian saw Christians as a threat to the empire He began a new persecutions of Christians –One of the worst in history

This is a turning point in Roman history Power shifted from west to east –Rome was no longer important

Constantine A.D. Roman general Saw a cross in the sky before an important battle Won the battle Became Christian

Constantine became Emperor of Rome and ended Christian persecution He made Christianity one of the official religions of Rome

Constantine wanted to reunite Rome –But knew he couldn’t The eastern half of the empire held the power and wealth

Constantinople In 330 Constantine renamed the city of Byzantium, Constantinople, and made it his capital Today it is the city of Istanbul in Turkey

Constantinople was a major trade route Located on a peninsula –Made it easy to defend

Constantine had Christian churches built Under Constantine Christians had the freedom to worship Christian leaders had access to position, land, and money Protector of Christianity

The “New Rome” The eastern empire flourished But... In 410 invaders captured the city of Rome In 476 the last emperor was gone –Rome’s power was gone

The Byzantine Empire The eastern half of the Roman Empire

Byzantine life was based on Greek culture People spoke Greek Art and building styles were influenced by Greece Writers were influenced by Greek philosophy

Byzantine and Christianity Eastern Christians formed their own branch of Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Justinian Ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 – 565 Persecuted non believers and non Christians –Felt they were harmful to the unity of the empire –Tried to recapture lands of Africa and Europe once held by Rome

Rebuilding Constantinople The centerpiece of Justinian's new city was the Church of Hagia Sophia

Justinian built aqueducts, baths, schools and hospitals Made Constantinople one of the great cities of the world

The Justinian Code A code of law created by Justinian to preserve Roman law and tradition –It dealt with marriage, property rights. slavery, crime and women’s rights

Principles of this code are part of the laws of Western Europe and the United States

Theodora Justinian’s wife and assistant –She provide advise and support –She supported women’s rights –Contributed to charities Built hospitals and public kitchens Helped save the empire when a revolt broke out in Constantinople

When Justinian died he left a larger stronger empire than when he took over The Byzantine Empire would last for over a thousand years

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Evaluation –Section reviews –Chapter Test

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