Chemistry Chapter I What is Chemistry… The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Fields of Chemistry Organic chemistry…chemistry of carbon Inorganic chemistry…non carbon chemistry Analytical chemistry…the composition of substances. Physical chemistry…the behavior of matter Biochemistry…the chemistry of life.
Why Study Chemistry? Applied chemistry or chemical technology…is chemistry to obtain a specific goal. Pure chemistry is the accumulation of knowledge for its own sake.
Materials Material chemistry is the study, design, and production of new man-made materials. PVC pipe, polyester fibers, carbon fiber, dacron and nylon fabric, photography, silicon chips, etc…
Energy In chemistry…most of what we study will either be matter or energy. Energy is the ability to do work. Our increasing population requires more energy…we can produce more…and/or conserve. Renewable energy sources can be replenished in your lifetime. Non-renewable energy is not renewable in your lifetime. Nuclear fusion, fission, new battery technology, wind, solar…are alternate forms of energy to coal, oil, and gas…which are fossil fuels.
Medicine and Technology Chemistry produces vitamin C, aspirin, penicillin… Dacron or other manmade substances help to strengthen and augment our blood vessels and other body structures. Genetic engineering and changing DNA. Cloning and gene engineering.
Agriculture Chemistry can help to produce better crops, by genetic engineering and producing chemicals that safely fight bacteria, fungus, and insects, and also make crops more productive.
The Environment Chemists try to identify pollutants and find ways to minimize their effect. Catalytic converters minimize pollution in cars…scrubbing coal emissions …minimizing global warming effects… Fixing the ozone layer…
Astronomy and Space Exploration Spectroscopes help identify the makeup of the universe. Analysis of moon rocks. Analysis of interplanetary probes.
The Scientific Method Identify the problem. Create a hypothesis. Test the hypothesis with an experiment. Form conclusions and either retest or change the experiment and retest. Establish theories once a hypothesis tests to be true again and again.
Scientific Method Hypotheses can become theories… they never become fact, because we do not know all the factors in a natural system. Data are pieces of information gained from an experiment. Observations are any data we obtain by seeing, smelling, hearing, and feeling. Variables are environmental factors that can be changed in an experiment
Scientific Method Control is the part of an experiment is left unchanged so you can compare results of the experiment to the control. A hypothesis should be stated as … If you do _____ then _____ will occur.
Theories and Scientific Laws A theory comes from hypotheses that have been tested true over and over. A theory explains how something works. A law comes from observations and analysis of data… A law describes how things look or act.