Technology in Action Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Ninth Edition Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Altair – debut of first personal computer –Sold as a kit –Switches for input –Lights for output Bill Gates and Paul Allen were among the first owners –Wrote compiling program for the Altair 2 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Apple I and Apple II Apple I Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Used Motorola processor Apple II was first fully contained microcomputer Apple II Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Enter the Competitors With the success of the Apple, a number of competitors entered the market 4 Commodore PETTRS-80Osborne Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

IBM PCs Until 1980, IBM made mainframe computers In 1981, entered small-computer market IBM PC –64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB –Started at $1,565 –Sold at retail outlets such as Sears and Computerland 5 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Other Important Advancements During 1970s and 1980s personal computer hardware was developing Advances were also made in: –Programming languages –Operating systems –Application software Led to more useful and powerful machines 6 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

The Importance of BASIC Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) –Introduced in 1964 –Revolutionized software industry –Easily learned by beginning programmers –Became key language for PC –Led to creation of Microsoft 7 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Advent of Operating Systems Floppy disk drive introduced in 1978 Programs could be saved and operating systems were developed –Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples –Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel 8080 chip for PCs 8 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Operating Systems (cont.) Microsoft developed MS-DOS in 1980 –Operating system for IBM PCs –Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) –Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen –All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS as their operating system 9 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Software Application Explosion Electronic Spreadsheets –VisiCalc –Lotus –Microsoft Excel Word Processing – WordStar – Word for MS-DOS – WordPerfect 10 Including disk drives in personal computers set off an explosion of software applications Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Graphical User Interface GUI allowed users to interact with computer more easily Xerox –Designed PC called Alto in 1972 –Introduced the What You See Is What You Get principle (WYSIWYG) Apple –In 1983, introduced the Lisa –First successful PC brought to market using GUI 11 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

The Internet Boom 1993 – Mosaic was introduced 1994 – Netscape was developed 1995 – Internet Explorer introduced by Microsoft 1998 – Netscape moves to open source 12 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Pascalene Calculator The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642 Used revolutions of gears to count by tens Could be used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Basic design used in mechanical calculators for 300 years 13 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Jacquard Loom Created by Joseph Jacquard Revolutionized fabric industry Used stiff cards with punched holes to automate process of weaving complex patterns Much later, process adopted to record and read data using punch cards in computers 14 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Babbage’s Engines Analytical Engine, 1834 –Designed by Charles Babbage –The first automatic calculator –Based on Difference Engine –Never developed –Drawings and descriptions include components similar to those found in today's computers –Ada Lovelace described Babbage’s Engines 15 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Hollerith Tabulating Machine Created by Herman Hollerith in 1890 for U.S. Census Bureau to tabulate census data Automatically read data that had been punched onto small punch cards In 1896, Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became International Business Machines, or IBM 16 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer Z1, 1936 –Created by Konrad Zuse –A mechanical calculator –Included a control unit and separate memory functions –Important breakthrough for future computer design ABC, 1939 –Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry –The first electrically powered digital computer –Used vacuum tubes to store data –First computer to use the binary system 17 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Harvard Mark I Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper –Aiken designed the computer –Hopper did the programming Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistic and gunnery calculations Hopper’s greatest contributions: –Inventing the compiler –Coining the term computer bug Actual moth pasted into notebook 18 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Turing Machine Created by Alan Turing in 1936 Abstract computer model that could perform logical operations Hypothetical model that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure Concept of an infinite tape that could be read, written to, and erased was precursor to today’s RAM 19 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

ENIAC 20 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer placed in operation in 1944 –Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert –First successful high-speed electronic digital computer - ENIAC was big and clumsy - Used 18,000 vacuum tubes - Filled 1,800 square feet Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer, 1951 –First commercially successful electronic digital computer manufactured by Remington Rand –Operated on magnetic tape not punch cards –Considered first generation computer –Last to use vacuum tubes to store data 21 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Transistors and Beyond Transistors, 1945 –Invented at Bell Laboratories –Replaced vacuum tubes Integrated circuits, 1958 –Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments –Small chip containing thousands of transistors –Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter 22 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Microprocessor Chip Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1971 Small chip containing millions of transistors Functions as the central processing unit (CPU) Intel and Motorola became leading manufactures of microprocessors 23 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Computer Generations First-generation computers (1946–1958) –Used vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959–1964) –Used transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965–1970) –Used integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971–today) –Use a microprocessor chip 24 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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