Types of Nationalist Movements SKILLBUILDER (p. 692) Types of Nationalist Movements Type Characteristics Examples Unification Mergers of politically divided, but culturally similar lands 19th century Germany 19th century Italy Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away Greeks in the Ottoman Empire French-speaking Canadians State-building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture The United States Turkey What types of nationalist movements can evolve in lands with culturally distinct groups? What MUST be present for state-building to take place?

Age of Imperialism

Age of Imperialism

Age of Imperialism

Imperialism Imperialism is a policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries.

Forms of Imperialism Colony – A country or a territory government internally by a foreign power. Protectorate – A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. Sphere of Influence – An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. Economic Imperialism – An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments.

Christianization – Christianity spreads to Africa, India, and Asia. Causes Effects Nationalism – to gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. I M P E R A L S Colonization – Europeans control land and people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Economic Competition – Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Economics – Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Missionary Spirit – Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world Christianization – Christianity spreads to Africa, India, and Asia.

Turn to textbook page 785 Read “Different Perspectives: Using primary and secondary Sources:” Views of Imperialism Answer questions 1-4. Make a prediction about imperialism based on the material in the 4 sources AND WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED. Support your assertion with 3 statements.

Imperialism One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country Three key factors Nationalism prompted rival European nations to build empires to compete for power The Industrial Revolution created high demand for raw materials, so nations sought new territories Both religious fervor and feelings of racial superiority inspire Europeans to impose their cultures

Forms of Imperialism p.780 Colony A territory that an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials Protectorate Had its own gov’t, but its policies guided by foreign power Sphere of influence A region of a country in which the imperial power had exclusive trading rights

Social Darwinism Based on the ideas of Charles Darwin’s work the Origin of Species. English businessman Cecil Rhodes applied Darwin’s theory to support imperialism. Wealth was a measure of one’s value and those who had it were the most “fit.” Did not believe in helping the poor.

Racism is the name for the belief that one race is superior to others.

The Clash Over South Africa The first Europeans to settle in South Africa were the Dutch. They were called the Boers. The Boers, also known as Afrikaners, clashed with the Zulu and other African groups as they moved North to escape the British. The Boer War, fought between the Dutch and British, was won by the British who est. the Union of South Africa.

The Clash Over South Africa Cont. The history of South Africa is a history of Africans, Dutch, and British clashing over land and resources. Around 1816, Shaka, a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state in southern Africa. In 1879 the Zulus, using spears and shields against British guns, were defeated and by 1887 fell under British control.

African Resistance Africans resisted the Europeans with whatever forces they could raise and often surprised the Europeans with their military ability. With the exception of Ethiopia, all resistance attempts failed. To keep Ethiopia free, Menelik II, leader of Ethiopia, exploited imperialist rivalries between European nations and built up a modern arsenal that helped to retain independence for his people.

Africa 1850 Africa 1904 National boundaries that existed in Africa at the end of the 19th century were unnaturally imposed by imperialistic powers.

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The powers of Europe set their sights on the lands bordering the Mediterranean owned by the Ottoman Empire. Geopolitics, an interest in or taking land for its strategic location or products, played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean War fought between the Ottomans and Russians was won by the Ottomans with the help of Britain and France.

Egypt Initiates Reforms Egypt initiated political and social reforms, in part to block European domination of its land. Egypt’s strategic location at the head of the Red Sea appeared valuable to France & Britain. Egypt modernized under ruler Muhammad Ali and his descendants.

Egypt’s greatest achievement during this time was the creation of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal was built primarily with French money. As Egypt continued their modernization efforts, it was soon unable to pay even the interest on the $450 million dollar debt. In1882 the British insisted on financial control of the canal and occupied Egypt.

Agenda Activator: Imperialism Map Complete Imperialism Notes HW: Read textbook pages 773 – 785

Europe in Asia: India British East India Company in control by 1857. Due to revolts, the British and the East India Company send a viceroy to rule as the monarch’s representative. Sepoys, or Indian soldiers, served as a private army for the East India Company. Due to the value of the raw materials found there, India was known as the “jewel in the crown.” Due to high volume the price of British textiles were much lower than other made around the world.

Nationalism in India In 1850 the Sepoys revolted due to religious beliefs, resentment of British rule, and a rise in nationalism. The final straw that caused the Sepoys to revolt was the rumor that the cartridges of the rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat.

Nationalism in India The Sepoy Mutiny inspired rebellions across the country and required England to send more British troops to tighten British control over India. The Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906 helped spread nationalism throughout India.

Imperialism in Southeast Asia As European powers rushed to divide Africa, they also competed for the countries south of China that bordered the Pacific Ocean known as the Pacific Rim including Indochina, Singapore, and the Philippine Islands. To compete with the Dutch, the British sought a trading base in the Pacific Rim nation of Singapore. Britain gained colonies in Malaysia, which became the world’s leader in the production of rubber.

The resulting cultural changes from the immigration of laborers from around the world often led to racial and religious clashes that are still seen today.

U.S. Imperialism in the Pacific Islands The United States acquired the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam as a result of the Spanish American War. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, said the U.S. had promised the Philippines immediate independence as soon as the Spanish American War ended. Aguinaldo led a group of Filipino nationalists against U.S. forces in the Philippines.

By the 19th century, American sugar plantations accounted for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth. Queen Liliuokalani, the last monarch of Hawaii, called for a new constitution, which would’ve given her more power. Sanford B. Dole, an American businessman, led a group of wealthy sugar plantation owners who overthrew the Queen. Dole, once named president of Hawaii, asked for the annexation of Hawaii and it was granted in 1898.

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