© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

CHAPTER 5 - Learning

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Directions: Scroll through the presentation and enter the answers (which are really the questions) and the questions (which are really the answers). Enter in the categories on the main game boards. As you play the game, click on the TEXT DOLLAR AMOUNT that the contestant calls, not the surrounding box. When they have given a question, click again anywhere on the screen to see the correct question. Keep track of which questions have already been picked by printing out the game board screen and checking off as you go. Click on the “Game” box to return to the main scoreboard. Enter the score into the black box on each players podium. Continue until all clues are given. When finished, DO NOT save the game. This will overwrite the program with the scores and data you enter. You MAY save it as a different name, but keep this file untouched!

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Round 1Round 2 Final Jeopardy Tolman Honzik Ski nne r

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Principles of Classical Conditioning More Classical Condition- ing Additional Classical Conditioning Bonus: Classical Conditioning Principles of Operant C. More Operant C. $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Round 2 Final Jeopardy Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit an identical or similar response to one originally elicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing of the two stimuli.

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is classical conditioning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 An unlearned response to a stimulus

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is an unconditioned response? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is an unconditioned stimulus? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 A stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is a neutral stimulus? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is a conditioned response? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a conditioned stimulus? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is extinction? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

$400 The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is spontaneous recovery? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is reconditioning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is stimulus generalization? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is stimulus discimination? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The process by which a new stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its being paired with a conditioned stimulus that already elicits the conditioned response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is higher-order conditioning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is a conditioned emotional reaction? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Excessive fears of particular objects or situations

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are phobias? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is behavior therapy? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical conditioning

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What are conditioned taste aversions? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The body’s system of defense against disease

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the immune system? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 3 characteristics that strengthen conditioned responses

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are: 1.Frequency of Pairings 2.Timing 3.Intensity of unconditioned stimulus What are: 1.Frequency of Pairings 2.Timing 3.Intensity of unconditioned stimulus Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 This person viewed that classical conditioned involves a cognitive process by which organisms learn to anticipate events based on cues or signals that reliably predict the events

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Who was Robert Rescorla? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, while those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is the Law of Effect? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is radical behaviorism? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 A stimulus event that strengthens the response it follows

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is a reinforcer? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response occurring

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is operant conditioning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 An experimental apparatus developed by B. F. Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement and behavior

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is the Skinner box?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 In Skinner’s view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is superstitious behavior?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 A cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a discriminative stimulus?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The strengthing of a response through the introduction of a stimulus following the response Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is positive reinforcement?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is negative reinforcement?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are primary reinforcers?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Even More Operant Contition- ing Operant Condition -ing! Finally: Operant Condition- ing Cognitive Learning Bonus: Cognitive Learning Practicing Reinforce ment $200 $400 $600 $800 $1000 Round 1 Final Jeopardy Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What are secondary reinforcers? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is shaping? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 The method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing even-closer approximations of the desired response

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is method of successive approximations? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 Predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What are schedules of reinforcement? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 A system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is a schedule of continuous reinforcement? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion of responses

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a schedule of partial reinforcement? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

$400 The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is escape learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is avoidance learning?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is punishment? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 The systematic application of learning principles to stregthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is behavior modification? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 A from of behavior modification in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is token economy program? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A learned method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is programmed instruction? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 A form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly difficult questions

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is computer-assisted instruction? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is one reason why parents should not use punishment as a method of disipline?

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is that punishment Does not teach new behaviors Can have undesirable consequences May become abusive May represent a form of inappropriate modeling ? What is that punishment Does not teach new behaviors Can have undesirable consequences May become abusive May represent a form of inappropriate modeling ? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Schedule in which the number of correct responses needed before reinforcement is given varies around some average number

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is variable ratio schedule? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is cognitive learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is insight learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

$600 Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is latent learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is a cognitive map? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Learning without conscious awareness of what is learned

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is implicit learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is observational learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Developer of the term ‘cognitive map’

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Who is Edward Tolman? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 The “Aha!” phenomenon

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is insight? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 In observational learning, the person whose behavior is observed

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 Who is the model? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Also referred to as ‘vicarious learning’

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is observational learning? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 To modify behavior through reinforcement, it is important to establish a clear ____, or connection, between the desired behavior and the reinforcement

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is contingency? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Exchanging of desirable reinforcers; a more formal way of establishing a contingency

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is contingency contracting? Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 2 guidelines for enhancing the effectiveness of reinforcement

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What are: Be specific Use specific language Select a reinforcer Explain the contingency Apply the reinforcer Track the frequency of the desired behavior Wean the child from the reinforcer What are: Be specific Use specific language Select a reinforcer Explain the contingency Apply the reinforcer Track the frequency of the desired behavior Wean the child from the reinforcer Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 2 ways to give praise

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What are: Make eye contact with the child Use hugs Be specific Be sincere What are: Make eye contact with the child Use hugs Be specific Be sincere Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $ more ways to give praise

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What are: Avoid empty flattery Reward the effort, not the outcome Avoid repeating yourself Don’t end on a sour note What are: Avoid empty flattery Reward the effort, not the outcome Avoid repeating yourself Don’t end on a sour note Scores

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Scores Schedules of Partial-Reinforcement Final Jeopary Question

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved The four types of partial- reinforcement

© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved What are: 1.Fixed-ratio 2.Variable-ratio 3.Fixed-ratio 4.Variable-interval What are: 1.Fixed-ratio 2.Variable-ratio 3.Fixed-ratio 4.Variable-interval Scores