Progression of Hate

 Prejudice = beliefs  Attitude of hatred (Anti-Semitism)  Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems  Saw Jews as an “inferior” race

 Pushed out of homes and jobs  Denied citizenship (no rights) – yellow badges  Organized boycotts of Jewish businesses  Kristallnact – “Night of Broken Glass”

 Jews separated from rest of population  Horrible living conditions (cold, dirty, crowed, little food…)  Forced to live there – fenced in and guarded; only allowed to leave for work

Ghetto Ration Card Ghetto ration card for October This card officially entitled the holder to 300 calories daily. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 137.

On October 2, 1940, the Warsaw ghetto was formally established. Six weeks later, on November 15, the ghetto was sealed with walls, as shown in this 1941 photograph. "Ghettoization" restricted the rights of Jews, created deplorable living conditions, and clustered Jews into condensed areas facilitating the eventual deportations to extermination camps. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 75. Warsaw Ghetto Walls

In 1940, this brick wall was built sealing the Warsaw ghetto off from the rest of the city. Approximately 138,000 Jews were herded into this ghetto while 113,000 Poles were evacuated from this section of the city. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 74. Warsaw Ghetto

Child Smugglers Children scale a wall to smuggle food into the ghetto. Conditions were so extreme that they engaged in this activity despite the proclamation issued by Dr. Ludwig Fischer (Governor of the Warsaw District from October, 1939 to January, 1945), imposing a death penalty on Jews who left the ghetto and on those who helped them. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 124.

Lodz

Warsaw

Forced Labor in Warsaw Ghetto Forced labor was another Nazi strategy to exploit Jews. Huge German concerns as well as the local occupation authorities reaped large profits from barely paid or unpaid Jewish labor. This photograph shows Jews being forced to work in a clothing factory in the Warsaw ghetto. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 209

Forced Labor in the Warsaw Ghetto Jews are forced to work under terrible conditions in a metal shop in the Warsaw ghetto. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 210.

Jewish Families Surrender to the SS Jewish families surrender to the SS during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The original German caption reads: "Smoking out the Jews and bandits." Photo credit: Polish National Archives

SS Troops Guard Members of the Jewish Resistance SS troops guard members of the Jewish resistance captured during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The original German caption reads: "These bandits offered armed resistance." Photo credit: Polish National Archives

Lodz Ghetto deportation of children to Chelmno Death Camp

Children tried to hide, with their parents’ help, as Gordon J. Horwitz described in his book Ghettostadt: Lodz and the Making of a Nazi City: Ghettostadt: Lodz and the Making of a Nazi City Some children hid in furniture and bedding, others in basement, in heaps of garbage and laundry, or in woodpiles. Parents did whatever they could, concealing children “in barrels in the attics, in ditches in the field, covered with leaves and branches.” One child sought refuge in a tree but was shot dead when discovered. Another, thanks to his father’s efforts to fashion an unusual hideout, rode out the danger concealed in a chimney on the roof. Though isolated and abandoned by the time they had been assembled in the collection area, child captives fought and scratched at the walls in a last-ditch effort to resist removal.

 Prison/work camps  Jews were taken to camps on overcrowded “Cattle Cars”  Dehumanizing, deliberately brutal  Determined to work people to death; many died from starvation and disease

“Work Makes You Free”

 Decision that all Jews were to be killed  Continued even after it became clear the Nazis were losing the war  Death camps – gas chambers – furnaces  Death marches – prisoners marched to interior death camps as Nazis lost territory  Holocaust – murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million others

Death Marches

Gas chambers

Crematoriums / furnaces