Mrs. Yanac

Anatomy  The study of the structure of organisms and their relationship to each other.  Answers the question “What are the structures of the body?”  Comparative Anatomy  Gross Anatomy  Regional Anatomy  Systemic Anatomy  Developmental Anatomy  Embryology  Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Physiology  The study of body function.  Answers the question “How do parts work?”  Cell Physiology  Special Physiology  Systemic Physiology  Pathological

Relationship between A & P  “Structure determines function”  Anatomy & physiology are closely related as to the function depends on how it is put together.

Levels of organization  Chemical - Atoms & molecules  Cellular - Basic structural & functional unit of all living things - Smallest unit of life  Tissue - Cells with similar structure & function  Organ - 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform 1 or more functions  Organ systems - A group of organs working together  Organism - Many systems that work together to maintain life - Highest level of structural organization

Structural Organization

Human Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System – skin, hair, and nails 2. Skeletal System – support and protection 3. Muscular System – movement 4. Nervous System – control system 5. Endocrine System – communication within the body 6. Circulatory System – transport and delivery 7. Lymphatic System - body’s defense system 8. Respiratory System – gas exchange 9. Digestive System – breakdown of food & waste excretion 10. Urinary System – removes wastes from the blood 11. Reproductive System – production of offspring

Figure 1.2a–c

Figure 1.2d–f

Figure 1.2g–i

Figure 1.2j–l

Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries – Cell membranes and integumentary system Movement – Muscular and skeletal systems Responsiveness – Sensing changes in the environment (nervous system) Digestion – Breaking down food to get energy Metabolism – All chemical reactions within the body (endocrine system) Excretion – Removal of wastes (urinary/excretory system) Reproduction – Ensures continuation of the species Growth & Development – Increase in size

Survival Needs  Nutrients Contain chemicals used for energy & cell building  Oxygen Needed to carry out cellular respiration  Water 60-80% of body weight Fluid base for the body  Body Temperature Needs to be maintained at 37 o C (98 o F)  Atmospheric Pressure Breathing & gas exchange depend on proper pressure

Homeostasis  Maintaining a constant (stable) internal environment  Depends on a constant state of Chemical composition Temperature Pressure & Volume  All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis, but it is mainly controlled by the nervous & endocrine systems.  Internal conditions may change & vary, but always within narrow limits…equilibrium is VITAL!

Homeostatic Regulation  Autoregulation (intrinsic) Adjust automatically in response to environmental change ○ When O 2 levels decline in tissue, cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels to increase rate of blood flow which provides more O 2  Extrinsic regulation Results from activities from nervous or endocrine system ○ We you set your hand on a hot stove, the heat produces a painful, localized disturbance & the nervous system orders your muscles to pull your hand away from the stove

Regulatory Mechanism  Receptor Sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus  Control Center Area that receives & processes the info  Effector Cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center Action either opposes or enhances the stimulus

Negative Feedback Mechanisms Stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus Example: Temperature control  If body temp exceeds 37oC (98.6oF), hypothalamus acts as a thermostat & heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to skin & increased sweating

Positive Feedback Mechanisms Stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Blood Clotting  Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding. Damaged cells release chemicals that attract platelets to which will block the break and stop the bleeding.

HOMEOSTASIS RECAP  Positive & Negative Feedback by BOZEMAN Positive & Negative Feedback by BOZEMAN

Anatomical Position  Standing, feet apart, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards.

Directional Terms  Anterior and Posterior, which describe structures at the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. AnteriorPosterior  Superior and Inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. SuperiorInferior  Proximal and Distal, which describe a position that is closer (proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body.ProximalDistal  Superficial and Deep, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of the body. Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep. SuperficialDeep  Medial and Lateral, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of the body. MedialLateral  Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo before limb rotation. VentralDorsal  Cranial and Caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal). CranialCaudal  Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used

Body Planes

Anatomical Landmarks

Body Cavities

VIDEOS  CRASH COURSE: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology CRASH COURSE: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology  BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Anatomy & Physiology BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Anatomy & Physiology  BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Positive & Negative Feedback Loop BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Positive & Negative Feedback Loop See Mr. Ford’s video series on my website under HELPFUL VIDEOS