BEHAVIORISM: a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

 Determinism: behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli  Skinner: personality is a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

 Operant conditioning develops personality  Conditioning strengthens or weakens response tendencies

 Albert Bandura  Advocates reciprocal determinism: the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another

 Def: when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

 Def: refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

 Walter Mischel  Behavior is characterized by more situational specificity than consistency

HUMANISM: theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

 People can rise above primitive nature  People are conscious and rational beings  Phenomenological approach: assumes that one has to appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior

 Carl Rogers  Self-concept: a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior  Incongruence: the degree of disparity btwn one’s self- concept and one’s actual experience

 Childhood has a strong effect on the self  The self-concept evolves throughout childhood and adolescence  Eventually it stabilizes

 Experiences that threaten people’s personal views of themselves cause anxiety  People act defensively to prevent anxiety

 Hierarchy of needs: a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

 Need for self- actualization: the need to fulfill one’s potential; it is the highest need in Maslow’s motivational hierarchy

 Self-actualizing persons: people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth

 Hans Eysenck  Suggests all aspects of personality emerge from 3 higher-order traits:  Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism (egocentric, impulsive, cold, antisocial)

 Def: a generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation  1 st described by Marvin Zuckerman  Thrill and adventure seeking  Experience seeking  Disinhibition  Susceptibility to boredom

 Mark Snyder  Def: the degrees to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions  How do you feel you are perceived by others?