Key Terms – Responses to Industrialism (2) Reform Bill of 1832 Suffrage Elementary Education Act of 1880 Michael Sadler 13 th Amendment 15 th Amendment Muckrakers Paris Commune Atlantic Migration Great Famine/ Potato Famine Thomas Malthus Iron Law of Wages Social Darwinism Global Economy Imperialism

Changes in Britain Reformers pushed Parliament to enact new changes that would extend more rights to the working class. Reform Bill of 1832 → extended suffrage (the right to vote) to all males who owned a certain amount of property. By 1885, suffrage became universal for men as property requirements were removed from voting. With new voters, more reforms appeared. Elementary Education Act of 1880 → made it possible for all children in Great Britain to get an elementary education.

Changes in Labor Michael Sadler, a reformer in Britain, set up a Select Committee on Child Labor in Parliament. This committee would:  Reduce child labor hours for children from ages 9-12 to 8 hours and those children that were 13 and above to 12 hours.  This subsequently, would reduce the amount of hours adults had to work as well since the factories needed the children to run.  This would also lead to the establishment of a minimum wage → the smallest amount an employee could be paid in a given area.

U.S. Suffrage With the end of the civil war, the 13 th Amendment was passed which granted the emancipation of slaves and the outlaw of slavery. In 1870, the 15 th Amendment would pass which granted suffrage to all men regardless of race. Women would not gain the right to vote until 1920 via the 19 th Amendment. Muckrakers (newspaper investigative reporters) would also bring changes to living and working conditions in the United States during the early 20 th Century.

Changes in France The middle class was unable to bring about important reforms due to the strength of the upper class in France and limitations imposed by the French government. In 1871, after the fall of Louis Napoleon, the National Assembly sought to install another monarch which angered many in the lower classes. The lower classes would set up their own representative government known as the Paris Commune. Group demanded changes in wages and working conditions Would be put down by French government but the reforms would pass

Migrations Many people emigrated from Europe to the United States to avoid wars, find work or escape religious persecution. Since these people were heading primarily to the United States, this migration would be known as the Atlantic Migration. Improved transportation made this migration easier and improved communication ensured that people who migrated could stay in contact with their loved ones.

The Potato/Great Famine Between 1845 and 1851, more than 1 million Irish citizens flocked to the United States. Ireland, during this period, was controlled by Great Britain and much of the wealth lied within the Protestant Irish families. Catholic Irish were forced to work for little to no wages and since these wealthy families used their land to grow cash crops there was little land for the Catholic Irish to grow crops. Irish peasants used potatoes since they took up little space and provided large amounts of necessary nutrients.

Great Famine (cont.) A fungus would carry over from America and destroy the potato crops which led to 25 percent of the population dying of starvation or disease. British government would provide aid initially but then cut it off when the government was facing financial difficulty. British government did little to nothing to ease the burdens of the Irish as they did not: Tell wealthy landowners to give a rent holiday to tenant farmers Provide adequate shelter and housing for those too sick or weak to work

Malthusian Economics Economists accepted that poverty was unavoidable → perception was based on the work by Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo. Malthus believed that populations will continue to grow faster than the amount of food that would be available to feed them → solution is to have less children to prevent starvation. Ricardo would use this belief and create his own theory known as the “iron law of wages” → as populations grow, more people need work and are willing to take jobs with lower wages to survive.

Social Darwinism The wealthy accepted the Malthusian theories because it stated what they had already believed → poverty was not their fault. The wealthy believed that economic competition stimulated society to make changes hence reforms were not necessary. The weak and inefficient would be weeded out by the new changes and competition would promote survival of the fittest. It ensures that society would only be composed of only the strongest and most productive people. This became a basis for imperialism and is known as Social Darwinism → using natural selection in economic and social ideas

The Global Economy Global Economy → an economy shared amongst all the world's largest producers and countries and based upon the interdependence of these countries. Hence, when one country has economic difficulty, it is felt by the other nations that depend upon it. As larger countries investigated and explored territories, they would absorb weaker countries and use them as both sources for raw materials and markets for their goods. This is known as imperialism → usually involves indirect control.