1 The Reformation A Movement to Reform the Church

2 Protestant Reformation To protest = To objectTo protest = To object To reform = To change for the betterTo reform = To change for the better The Protestant Reformation:The Protestant Reformation: –Protested practices of the Catholic Church. –It began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.

3 Underlying causes of the Reformation Humanism: The movement for the individual to take control of their lives.Humanism: The movement for the individual to take control of their lives. The Renaissance, led people to question the authority of the church and place greater faith in human reason.The Renaissance, led people to question the authority of the church and place greater faith in human reason. The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent the power of the pope (by appointing bishops who controlled vast amounts of land) in their countries.The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent the power of the pope (by appointing bishops who controlled vast amounts of land) in their countries.

4 Underlying Causes of the Reformation Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury, or the lending of money at interest, created opposition among members of the new middle class.Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury, or the lending of money at interest, created opposition among members of the new middle class. People resented the mandatory tithe (10% tax).People resented the mandatory tithe (10% tax). Corruption within the Catholic Church caused a crisis of faith among believers.Corruption within the Catholic Church caused a crisis of faith among believers.

5 The Sparks Oddly enough, the start of the Reformation belongs to Renaissance art.Oddly enough, the start of the Reformation belongs to Renaissance art. Michelangelo designed the new St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.Michelangelo designed the new St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican. Because of the expense of the project the Roman Catholic Church began to increase the sell of “Indulgences” (forgiveness from sin) to raise funds across Europe.Because of the expense of the project the Roman Catholic Church began to increase the sell of “Indulgences” (forgiveness from sin) to raise funds across Europe.

6 Martin Luther German bornGerman born Quiet youth, yet talented student who was intimidated by the strict orders of the Church.Quiet youth, yet talented student who was intimidated by the strict orders of the Church. Attends University of ErfurtAttends University of Erfurt –Sent to study law. July 2, Luther is nearly struck by lightning.July 2, Luther is nearly struck by lightning. –Survives and swears to St. Anne, “I will become a monk!” Luther becomes a monk and studied theology at the University of Wittenberg, earning a Ph.D in Bible Studies.Luther becomes a monk and studied theology at the University of Wittenberg, earning a Ph.D in Bible Studies.

7 Martin Luther In 1517, the papal indulgences seller came to Wittenberg, GermanyIn 1517, the papal indulgences seller came to Wittenberg, Germany On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted a list of complaints against the Catholic Church called The Ninety-Five Thesis, or questions for debate.On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted a list of complaints against the Catholic Church called The Ninety-Five Thesis, or questions for debate.

8 Aftermath (1) Taken as an attack on the church, Luther is called to recant his beliefs by the Pope, and later, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.Taken as an attack on the church, Luther is called to recant his beliefs by the Pope, and later, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. “Here I Stand” was Luther’s reply, meaning to stay true to his conscience.“Here I Stand” was Luther’s reply, meaning to stay true to his conscience. The Diet (assembly) of Worms acknowledges Luther as a heretic and calls for his execution.The Diet (assembly) of Worms acknowledges Luther as a heretic and calls for his execution.

9 Aftermath (2) Luther’s ideas received support from the Christian Humanist and the German Princes, who see this as a means of getting more power.Luther’s ideas received support from the Christian Humanist and the German Princes, who see this as a means of getting more power. Luther, under the protection of a German prince, further develops his new theology.Luther, under the protection of a German prince, further develops his new theology.

10 Luther’s New Theology Catholic 1)Salvation through Faith and Works 2)Theology is based on the Bible and other canonized writings 3)One reaches God through the Priests of the Church Protestant 1)Salvation through Faith alone 2)Theology is based on the Sole Authority of the Bible 3)One reaches God by serving as their own priest, placing the importance on the individual.

11 John Calvin Lawyer from Geneva, Switzerland.Lawyer from Geneva, Switzerland. Dedicated to humanist reform of the Church.Dedicated to humanist reform of the Church. Leads a protestant revolt in 1520.Leads a protestant revolt in –Geneva does not follow. –Spread of Protestantism throughout Switzerland and Geneva.

12 Beliefs of Calvinism PredestinationPredestination –Since God knew the future, humans had no real choice in salvation; God has already preordained who is to obtain salvation. Moral Behavior / Protestant Work EthicMoral Behavior / Protestant Work Ethic –Calvinists were noted for their hard work with a good attitude. –Calvinists would not gamble, dance, swear, dress elegantly, etc. (Think Pilgrims) The Church should govern the State.The Church should govern the State. –With a strong church there no need for separate civil government.