Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;  Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;  Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conception and Implantation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Periods of Prenatal Development PeriodLengthKey Events Zygote 2 weeks Fertilization Implantation Start of Placenta Embryo 6 weeks Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks “Growth and finishing”

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Prenatal Development and Later Health  Low Birth Weight Greater chance of  Heart Disease  Stroke  Diabetes  High Birth Weight  Greater chance of breast cancer  Low Birth Weight Greater chance of  Heart Disease  Stroke  Diabetes  High Birth Weight  Greater chance of breast cancer

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens  Dose  Heredity  Other negative influences  Age at time of exposure  Dose  Heredity  Other negative influences  Age at time of exposure

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Teratogen Substances  Drugs  Prescription  Nonprescription  Illegal  Tobacco  Alcohol  Radiation  Pollution  Drugs  Prescription  Nonprescription  Illegal  Tobacco  Alcohol  Radiation  Pollution

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development  Infectious Diseases  Nutrition  Emotional Stress  Rh Blood Factor  Age  Previous Births

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Complications and Maternal Age

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Three Stages of Birth

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Apgar Scale A ppearance P ulse G rimace A ctivity R espiration

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth  Classes  Relaxation & Breathing Techniques  Labor Coach  Social support  Classes  Relaxation & Breathing Techniques  Labor Coach  Social support

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Birth Complications  Oxygen Deprivation (Anoxia)  Breech Position  Rh Factor Incompatibility

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Medical Interventions in Childbirth  Fetal Monitoring  Medication  Analgesics  Anesthetics  Cesarean Delivery  Fetal Monitoring  Medication  Analgesics  Anesthetics  Cesarean Delivery

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Preterm  Born weeks before their due date  May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Preterm  Born weeks before their due date  May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date  May be born at due date or preterm  Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date  May be born at due date or preterm  Below expected weight for length of pregnancy

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Interventions for Preterm Infants  Isolette  Respirator  Feeding tube  Intravenous medication  Isolette  Respirator  Feeding tube  Intravenous medication  Special Infant Stimulation  Kangaroo care  Parent Training in Caregiving  Special Infant Stimulation  Kangaroo care  Parent Training in Caregiving

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Infant Mortality Around the World

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Reflexes  Eye Blink  Rooting  Sucking  Moro  Eye Blink  Rooting  Sucking  Moro  Palmar Grasp  Tonic Neck  Stepping  Babinski

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Infant States of Arousal  Regular Sleep  Irregular Sleep  Drowsiness  Quiet Alertness  Waking Activity and Crying  Regular Sleep  Irregular Sleep  Drowsiness  Quiet Alertness  Waking Activity and Crying

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby  Hold on shoulder and rock or walk  Swaddle  Offer a pacifier  Go for a ride  Massage  Combine methods  Let cry for short time  Hold on shoulder and rock or walk  Swaddle  Offer a pacifier  Go for a ride  Massage  Combine methods  Let cry for short time

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Touch  Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals  Highly sensitive to pain  Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding  Physical touch releases endorphins  Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals  Highly sensitive to pain  Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding  Physical touch releases endorphins

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell  Prefer sweet tastes at birth  Quickly learn to like new tastes  Have odor preferences from birth  Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Hearing  Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth  Prefer complex sounds to pure tones  Learn sound patterns within days  Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language  Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth  Prefer complex sounds to pure tones  Learn sound patterns within days  Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Newborn Sense of Vision  Least developed sense at birth  Visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed  Limited acuity  Scan environment, track moving objects  Color vision improves in first two months  Least developed sense at birth  Visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed  Limited acuity  Scan environment, track moving objects  Color vision improves in first two months

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) Evaluates newborn:  Reflexes  State changes Uses include:  Discovering individual & cultural differences  Helping parents get to know their babies Not a good predictor of later development Evaluates newborn:  Reflexes  State changes Uses include:  Discovering individual & cultural differences  Helping parents get to know their babies Not a good predictor of later development  Responsiveness to physical and social stimuli  Other reactions  Responsiveness to physical and social stimuli  Other reactions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 New Family Adjustment  Hormones facilitate caregiving  Oxytocin  Prolactin  Estrogens  Hormone release and effects may depend on experience  Challenge of early weeks  New Roles  Changed schedule