Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 16 Reproductive System Lecture Outline Part 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Reproductive System See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes 2

Points to ponder What are mitosis and meiosis? How many chromosomes do body cells and sex cells each have? Understand the anatomy of both the male and female. Know the functions of each structure in the male and female. What are the 3 parts of a sperm? How do hormones play a role in the male? Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles. Be able to discuss the levels of hormones during the ovarian and uterine cycles. Where do fertilization and implantation occur?

Points to ponder Be able to discuss common birth control methods. What is infertility? What can cause this? What are the options if a person is infertile? Should we treat people who are infertile? Why or why not? Understand genital warts, genital herpes, HIV, hepatitis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis. Which STDs can be treated with antibiotics? Which birth control methods can help prevent STDs? 4

DNA in body and sex cells 16.1 Human Life Cycle DNA in body and sex cells Body cells Each body cell has ___ chromosomes (23 pairs) within the nucleus. Cells that have pairs of chromosomes are called diploid (2n).

DNA in body and sex cells 16.1 Human Life Cycle DNA in body and sex cells Sex cells _________ (egg and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes (1 of each pair) in their nuclei. Cells that have only 1 of each pair of chromosomes are called haploid (n). During fertilization, a sperm and an egg combine to form a zygote, and the chromosome number is restored to the diploid number of ____. 6

Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis is 16.1 Human Life Cycle Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis is a type of _________________ in which a cell makes an exact copy of itself. a process used for growth and repair of tissues. used by body cells (cells other than sex cells).

Mitosis and meiosis Meiosis is 16.1 Human Life Cycle Mitosis and meiosis Meiosis is a type of ________________ in which a cell halves the number of chromosomes. a process used to form eggs and sperm. used by gametes (sex cells). 8

The human life cycle 16.1 Human Life Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MITOSIS 2n 2n 2n MITOSIS 2n zygote 2n = 46 diploid (2n) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION haploid (n) n = 23 n n egg sperm Figure 16.1 The human life cycle.

Male anatomy Scrotum (1) Testes (2) Epididymides (2) 16.2 Male Reproductive System Male anatomy Scrotum (1) Testes (2) Epididymides (2) Vasa deferentia (2) Urethra (1) Three glands Penis (1)

Male anatomy 16.2 Male Reproductive System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. urinary bladder ureter (cut) seminal vesicle pubic bone ejaculatory duct prostate gland vas deferens bulbourethral gland erectile tissue of penis ureter urinary bladder urethra seminal vesicle anus penis prostate gland vas deferens bulbourethral gland epididymis glans penis foreskin testis vas deferens scrotum urethra Figure 16.2 The male reproductive system. 11

Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes 16.2 Male Reproductive System Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes ________ Sacs that hold the testes Help regulate the temperature of the testes Paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones (made by interstitial cells) Composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are being produced __________ Sperm mature and are stored here

Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes 16.2 Male Reproductive System Male anatomy: Scrotum and testes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. interstitial cells Sertoli cell vas deferens epididymis uncoiled seminiferous tubule lobule testis scrotal sac 100 µm Seminiferous tubules Testis (cut to show lobules) © Ed Reschke Figure 16.4a-b Spermatogenesis produces sperm cells.

16.2 Male Reproductive System Sperm production Sperm are produced within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. __________ cells help nourish sperm and regulate the process of sperm production (spermatogenesis). Sperm (spermatozoa) are stored and mature in the ____________.

16.2 Male Reproductive System Sperm anatomy 3 parts The head is covered by a cap called the _________ which stores enzymes needed to penetrate the egg. The middle piece contains mitochondria to make ATP. The tail provides ______________ for the sperm. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. acrosome head middle piece tail end piece d. Sperm cell Figure 16.4d Spermatogenesis produces sperm cells.

Male anatomy: Vas deferens and urethra 16.2 Male Reproductive System Male anatomy: Vas deferens and urethra Vas deferens Transports sperm to the __________ Urethra Transports sperm out of the body

Male anatomy: 3 glands that contribute to semen 16.2 Male Reproductive System Male anatomy: 3 glands that contribute to semen ______________ – produce a sugary fluid that provides energy for the sperm ________ gland – produces an alkaline fluid to help buffer the acidic pH of the vagina ________________ glands – produce mucus that acts as a lubricant