1. 16
Reproductive Systems 1

2. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.1
Male Reproductive System
Vertebral column
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Ductus deferens
Rectum
Ductus deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicle
Bulbourethral gland
Penis
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Erectile tissue
Prostate gland
Anus
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Figure 16.1 The male reproductive system.
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Testis
Penis
Uncoiled semi- niferous tubule
A sagittal cutaway view.
A posterior view of the reproductive organs and bladder. 2

3. Male Reproductive System
What is the purpose of the following?
-testes
-epididymis
-ductus (vas) deferens
-penis
-urethra
3 Accessory glands
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
See Table 16.1
Figure 16.1

4. The Male Reproductive System Delivers Sperm
Testes produce sperm
Scrotum: sac of skin and smooth muscle that holds the testes
Maintains testes at a slightly lower temperature
Seminiferous tubules within testes: produce sperm
Epididymis and ductus deferens: sperm become motile and are stored here
Ductus deferens: transports sperm to where it becomes the ejaculatory duct

5. Accessory Glands Help Sperm Survive
Semen: mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
Secrete fructose (provides source of energy for sperm) and most of seminal fluid
Prostate gland
Secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH
Bulbourethral gland
Secretes lubricating mucus
Cleanses urethra

6. Table 16.1
Table 16.1 Summary of the male reproductive organs and glands. 6

7. Sperm Production Requires Several Cell Divisions
Several cell divisions (mitosis and meiosis) in seminiferous tubules produce sperm
Cell divisions produce a large number of sperm with half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells (haploid)
Sperm (and eggs) are referred to as gametes and are haploid

8. Testosterone Affects Male Reproductive Capacity
Steroid hormone produced in the testes
Function:
Stimulates sperm formation
Controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues
Stimulates sexual behavior
Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics

9. Female reproductive system: What is the purpose?
Figure 16.4a
PLAY
Animation—The Female Reproductive System

10. Female Reproductive System
What is the purpose of the following?
Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Figure 16.4
Q: what are the 2 layers of the uterus?
See Table 16.2

11. The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy
Ovaries
Release oocytes (immature eggs)
secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Oviduct (fallopian tube)
Leads from the ovary to the uterus
Fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct
Uterus
For development of embryo/fetus

12. Table 16.2
Table 16.2 Summary of the components of the female reproductive system. 12

13. Female Reproductive System
Mammary gland: -modified sweat glands
-nourishes infant (lactation)
-not required for viable fetus
-enlarge due to estrogen
Q: To what organ system do mammary glands belong?
Q: What hormones are essential for its function?
Figure 16.4
Figure 16.5

14. Reproductive Hormones
GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone
LH (luteinizing hormone
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
Testosterone
Estrogen & Progesterone
-growth/function
-aggression
-sexual behavior
-facial hair, voice
-growth/function
-promotes/prevents ovulation
-supports pregnancy
-facial hair, voice

15. Comparison between male and female

16. Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Pattern of changes, which cycles every 28 days
Controlled by hormones of pituitary gland and ovaries
Begins at puberty and continues until menopause, except during pregnancy

17. Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles- two linked cycles
Ovarian cycle
Series of changes in ovaries associated with oocyte maturation within follicles
Leading to release of oocyte (ovulation)
Controlled by FSH and LH
Uterine cycle
Changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus- controlled by estrogen and progesterone
Menstrual phase day1-5
Proliferative phase 6-13
Ovulation- day 14
Secretory phase- days 15–28-endometrium continues to proliferate, prepared to accept & nourish a fertilized egg

18. Ovarian and Uterine Cycle
Q: Why does the endometrium change in size?
Q: What is the source of the hormones estrogen and progesterone?
Q: What is the effect of the elevated levels of these hormones in the secretory phase?
Figure 16.7

19. Fertilization: One Sperm Penetrates the Egg
Ejaculate: may contain several hundred million sperm
Sperm may reach egg within hours to a day or more
One sperm penetrates egg within the oviduct
Sperm may be viable for up to 5 days within the female reproductive tract

20. Disorders of the Reproductive System
Sexually transmitted diseases
Bacterial
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia
Viral
HIV, Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Genital Herpes
Fungal
Parasitic- Trichomoniasis