1. Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 41
Reproductive Systems
Modified D. Herder
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2. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
41.1 Asexual Reproduction
Reproductive Systems
Invertebrates:
Sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, annelids,
Hydras: outgrowth (bud) of the parent
Flatworms: split in half
Sponges, annelids, & echinoderms can have the ability to regenerate from fragments

3. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Reproduction in Hydra
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
budding of new polyp
parental polyp
© Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited

4. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive Systems
Most animals are dioecious
Separate sexes
Some are monoecious (hermaphroditic)
Contain both male & female sex organs
Most cross-fertilize

5. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive Systems
Gonads
produce gametes
Parthenogenesis
Unfertilized egg develops into a complete individual

6. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive Systems
Many aquatic use external fertilization
Internal fertilization (copulation)

7. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Strategies
Reproductive Systems
Oviparous: deposit eggs in the external environment
Aquatic animals (frogs)
Ovoviviparous retain their eggs, though do not provide direct nutrients (sea horse)
Viviparous retain eggs and provide nutrients to them (humans)

8. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Reproductive Systems
Reptiles & birds provide eggs
Oviparous
Development takes place in shelled egg containing extraembryonic membranes
Yolk
Parents often tend eggs & young
Placental mammals are viviparous
Do not lay eggs
Placenta –exchanges material between mother & developing embryo
Development inside female
Care of zygote and embryo

9. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Parenting in Birds
Reproductive Systems
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© Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.

10. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Reproductive Systems
Testes: paired gonads suspended in scrotum
Sperm: produced by testes in seminiferous tubules
Tubes packed with cells undergoing spermatogenesis
Mature within epididymis
Eventually enter vas deferens (ductus deferens)
Semen: (seminal fluid) contains
Sperm
Secretions from
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

11. Male Reproductive System

12. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Testis and Sperm
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
vas deferens
epididymis
interstitial
cells
immature
sperm
Sertoli
cell
uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
100 µm
b. Seminiferous tubules
a. Testis, cut to show lobules
(b): © Anatomical Travelogue/Photo Researchers, Inc.

13. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Testis and Sperm
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MITOSIS
MEIOSISI
MEIOSISII
spermatogonium
(diploid)
primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
secondary
spermatocyte
(haploid)
early
spermatid
(haploid)
late
spermatid
(haploid)
immature sperm
(haploid)
acrosome
head
middle piece
tail
nucleus of
Sertoli cell
end piece
c. Spermatogenesis
d. Sperm 13

14. Male Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems

15. Hormonal Control of the Testes
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Hormonal Control of the Testes
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hypothalamus -
GnRH -
anterior
pituitary - -
FSH LH + +
Seminiferous
tubules
produce
sperm
plus inhibin.
Interstitial
cells
produce
testosterone.
testis

16. 41.3 Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
41.3 Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary
Swept into oviduct
Fertilization normally occurs in the oviduct
Ciliary action moves the developing embryo to the uterus
Embryo embeds in the uterine lining (endometrium)

17. Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
oviduct
ovary
fimbriae
uterus
mons
pubis
glans
clitoris
urinary bladder
cervix
pubic bone
rectum
urethra
urethra
labia
majora
vagina
glans clitoris
vagina
labium minora
labia
minora
anus
labium majora
anus
vaginal orifice a. b.

18. Female Reproductive Organs
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Female Reproductive Organs
Reproductive Systems

19. Hormonal Control of Ovaries
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Hormonal Control of Ovaries
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hypothalamus
-/+
GnRH -
anterior
pituitary -
-/+
FSH
follicle + LH +
corpus
luteum
oocyte
estrogen
progesterone

20. Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Reproductive Systems

21. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Ovarian Cycle
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2. The secondary follicle contains
a secondary oocyte.
3. Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle develops.
secondary
follicle
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
primary
follicles
secondary
oocyte
1. A primary follicle contains
a primary oocyte.
Ovarian cycle
6. Corpus luteum
degenerates.
4. Ovulation: Oocyte
is released.
corpus
luteum
5. Corpus luteum develops.
oocyte a.
first polar
body
second polar
body
sperm
Sperm enters, and
meiosis II goes
to completion.
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
primary oocyte
(46 chromosomes)
secondary oocyte
(23 chromosomes)
egg b.
© Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.