Chapter 32 Introduction to Animals

Characteristics Multicellular Specialization (cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems = particular function) Heterotrophs – ingestion Sexual and Asexual reproduction – zygote and differentiation Movement – most have ability to move

1.Invertebrates - no backbone Over 95% of all animals Insects, Worms, Jellies, Sea Stars, Etc. 2.Vertebrates - backbone Other 5% Fish, Amphibian, Reptile, Bird, Mammal 2 Categories

1.Feeding - most ingest 2.Respiration - take in O2 & give off CO2 3.Circulation - move oxygen, nutrients, waste, water thru body 4.Excretion - wastes (ammonia) 5.Response - respond to environ. thru nerve cells 6.Movement - thru muscles 7.Reproduction - most sexual, some asexual Animal Functions

1.Asymmetry - no symmetry Sponges only 2.Radial - body parts repeat around center of body (many ways to divide into equal halves) Sea star, sea anemone, jellyfish 3.Bilateral - one way to divide body in half (left, right, front, back) All other animals Body Symmetry

Symmetry

Origin and Classification First animals probably arose in the sea Invertebrates – first multicellular animals; evolved from protists Cell speciation Scientists use a branching diagram to show how animals are related through evolution (pg. 653): Phylogenic Diagram

Phylogenic Diagram

Evolutionary Relationships  Smaller the category the more related the organisms are:  DNA & RNA sequences  Shared a common ancestor  Use cladograms to show evolutionary relationships

Cladogram

 Closer together on cladogram = the more closely related  Ex: bird & croc close  Ex: bird & shark not close

Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist 1700’s 2 word naming system Latin, Italicized, first word capitalized Ex: Ursus maritimus - polar bear Ursus = genus (closely related species -bears) 2nd name = species - describes a trait

Binomial Nomenclature  Ursus maritimus  Ursus arctos

Classification System Largest to smallest: Kingdom (Ken) Phylum (Poured) Class (Coffee) Order (On) Family (Fred’s) Genus (Green) Species (Shirt)

Kingdom  Largest  Linnaeus 2 kingdoms: plant & animal  Current 6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist

Invertebrate Characteristics Radial or bilateral symmetry Segmentation Simple skeletons (sponge), exoskeletons, fluid-filled pressure Gas exchange across body covering or through gills Open or closed circulatory system Digestion by individual cells or through gut Simple to diverse nervous systems Sexual and asexual reproduction Indirect (laval stage) or Direct (looks like adult) development

Vertebrate Characterisitis Backbone – vertebrae (segmented) Endoskeleton Bilateral symmetry Integument (outer covering of skin) Gills = aquatic vertebrates Lungs = terrestrial verts Digestion = gut and associated organs Highly organized brains and nervous system External (fish/amphibians) and Internal Fertilization External development and Internal development (placental)

Fertilization and Development Book work