Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Rome able to expand vs. its enemies (FC.28) Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Rome allies with one tribe vs. others Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Rome defeats the hill tribes Rome stays free from Etruscans Etruscans still a threat in the N.

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Next big enemy?

Seen as gigantic barbarians (possibly from a higher protein diet), charging wildly, and oftentimes naked, into battle with blood-curdling cries, the Gauls inspired terror in their civilized foes.

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor Impact on the Roman Army? Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to do what? PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Gauls -Man wanted to avenge wife’s rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine -More likely entered Italy as Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's - Negot's for Clusium  Roman kills Gaul in duel -Gauls sack Rome & besiege Capitoline Hill for 7 months - “Woe to the vanquished” Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands How did Rome keep control of its conquests? Two ways Rome kept control of its conquests? PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests What did Rome do to move armies more quickly? PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

The Roman way of war: roads and colonies. The Romans approached war strategically in ways that went far beyond the battlefield. This especially involved roads and colonies. While the Greeks saw colonies as ways of getting rid of excess population and gaining access to remote resources, the Romans used them for increasing the number of citizens available for the army and securing their hold on conquered lands. This was especially true during the Second Samnite War ( BCE). Here we see the Romans have founded colonies to secure their hold on lands bordering the Samnites and serve as staging areas for future campaigns. They have also placed three colonies inside Samnite territory to control strategic roads and passes and provide early warnings of impending Samnite attacks.

Several years later, Rome has secured tentative control over the brown area by founding two more colonies there. It has also further encroached on the remaining Samnite territory with two more colonies to serve as advanced outposts for future campaigns.

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Environmental changes -No primogeniture  Split lands  Avg. Roman farm acres  Soil exhaustion  Graze sheep & goats on hills  Deforest.  Hotter & drier clim.  Harvest moved fr. Aug  June Latin revolt ( BCE)  Latin league broken up - Colonies in Campania: Cales, Acerrae, Fregellae, Privernum 2nd Samnite War ( BCE) FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Pyrrhus of Epirus was a distant cousin of Alexander the Great. His ambition was to conquer an empire in the West to rival that of the Macedonian king. He got his opportunity when Tarentum offered to buy his services in their war against Rome.

Although the Romans lost their first battles against Pyrrhus, they fought bravely and inflicted enough casualties to make his victories basically meaningless. Even today, we refer to a victory won at great cost as “pyrrhic”.

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies  guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

2nd Samnite War ( BCE) - Roman phalanx trapped in mtn. Caudine Forks  Copy Samnite tactics -Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword, armor, helmet, & oblong shield  Cross b/w hoplite & peltast  More flexible formations  Can move fresh troops to front & adjust quickly to changes  Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls -Romans win 2nd Samnite War  3rd Sam. War ( BCE) Pyrrhus of Epirus - War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus of Epirus to fight vs. Romans - Ritual of declaring war - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants -Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth the cost FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies  guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

Pyrrhus of Epirus - War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus of Epirus to fight vs. Romans - Ritual of declaring war - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants -Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth the cost Roman rule in Italy Late300s-early 100s- Rome est. 53 colonies in Italy in areas open to attack, newly conq. areas, strategic locations (e.g.- river & road crossings) - Latin colonies k settlers - Subject states not taxed, only had to follow Rome in war. FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Romans rule Italy through: Colonies  guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

2nd Samnite War ( BCE) - Roman phalanx trapped in mtn. Caudine Forks  Copy Samnite tactics -Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword, armor, helmet, & oblong shield  Cross b/w hoplite & peltast  More flexible formations  Can move fresh troops to front & adjust quickly to changes  Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls -Romans win 2nd Samnite War  3rd Sam. War ( BCE) Pyrrhus of Epirus - War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus of Epirus to fight vs. Romans - Ritual of declaring war - Elephants incl. dwarf elephants -Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth the cost FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29) Romans rule Italy through: Colonies  guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)

FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c B.C.E.) Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27) Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins  Rome dominates central Italy Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29) Romans rule Italy through: Colonies  guard vs. revolt & reward loyalty w/citizenship Rewarding subjects with various grades of citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome Roads that promote trade & prosperity during peace Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies ( BCE) & rules each Latin state separately Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304) by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy Lands on which to settle Roman poor They can buy arms & armor More soldiers for Rome’s army Able to conquer more lands Rome founds colonies to control new conquests Rome builds roads to move armies more quickly PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A) ***