CHAPTER 19 AN AGE OF EXPLORATIONS & ISOLATION SECTION 1 EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

FOR “GOD, GLORY, & GOLD” EUROPEANS EXPLORE SPICES DESIRE TO BE RICH, SPREAD CHRISTIANITY, & ADVANCES IN SAILING MERCHANTS WERE ABLE TO SELL SPICES AT HIGH PRICES WHY?:

CHRISTIANITY BARTOLOMEU DIAS EUROPEANS BELIEVED SACRED DUTY WAS TO CONVERT NON-CHRISTIANS. WHO WAS THEIR OPPOSITION? PORTUGUESE EXPLORER, MOTIVES WERE TO SERVE GOD, GIVE LIGHT TO THOSE IN DARKNESS & GROW RICH.

TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED SAILING. STURDIER, TRIANGULAR SAILS, NAVIGATION (ASTROLABE).

PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY PRINCE HENRY FOUNDED NAVIGATION SCHOOL, MAJOR SUPPORTER OF EXPLORATION, GET RICH & SPREAD CHRISTIANITY, SET UP TRADING NETWORK ALONG WESTERN AFRICA’S SHORES

VASCO DA GAMA 1497, EXPLORED EAST COAST OF AFRICA AND THEN PORT OF CALICUT (SW SHORE OF INDIA), RETURNED HOME WITH CARGO 60 TIMES COST OF VOYAGE.

SPAIN ALSO MAKES CLAIMS CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 1492- REACHED A CARIBBEAN ISLAND AND MISTAKENLY THOUGHT IT WAS EAST INDIES. OPENED THE WAY FOR COLONIZATION IN AMERICA.

TENSION TREATY OF TORDESILLAS PORTUGAL & SPAIN GREW TENSION AS THEY BATTLE FOR LAND LINE OF DEMARCATION- WEST OF LINE WOULD BE SPAIN’S, EAST OF LINE WOULD BE PORTUGAL’S 1494-BOTH COUNTRIES AGREE TO HONOR THE LINE

TRADING EMPIRES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN PORTUGAL DOMINATED TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN, PERSIAN GULF, ARABIAN SEA, INDIA & ASIA WHY ARE THEY DETERMINED TO PREVENT MUSLIMS FROM CONTINUING THEIR SPICE TRADE?

THE DUTCH (A.K.A. NETHERLANDS) CHALLENGE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY BY 1600, LARGEST FLEET IN WORLD. WEALTHY, MADE TREATIES, RAISED ARMIES. DROVE OUT THE ENGLISH & ESTABLISHED THEIR DOMINANCE IN REGION

DUTCH TRADE OUTPOSTS SEIZED CONTROL OF MANY PORTUGUESE AREAS INCLUDING CONTROL OF INDIAN OCEAN. BY 1700 THEY RULED INDONESIA & HAD MANY TRADING POSTS IN ASIA. ALSO CONTROLLED CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ON SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA. RESUPPLY STOP

EUROPEANS ONLY HAD INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ON THE PORT CITIES NOT INLAND

CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS SECTION 2 CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS

CHINA UNDER THE POWERFUL MING DYNASTY HONGWU DOMINATED POWER IN ASIA (1368-1644). COUNTRIES PAID TRIBUTE TO THE MING, & EXPECT EUROPEANS TO DO THE SAME. 1ST MING EMPEROR, CREATED MANY REFORMS TO PROMOTE POWER & PROSPERITY, SEEN AS A TYRANT

YONGLO ZHENG HE SON OF HONGWU TOOK OVER IN 1398. MOVED CAPITAL TO BEIJING, FORBIDDEN CITY BUILT 1405, LAUNCHED 7 VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION LED ALL VOYAGES, EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM WAS LARGE, DISTRIBUTED GIFTS OF SILK & SILVER 16 COUNTIES EVENTUALLY PAY TRIBUTE TO CHINA

FOREIGN RELATIONS CHINA REMAINED ISOLATED EVEN THOUGH DEMAND OF SILK & CERAMIC SKY ROCKETED. OPPOSED EUROPEAN & CHRISTIAN PRESENCE

MANCHUS FOUND THE QING DYNASTY PEOPLE OF MANCHURIA INVADED CHINA & MING DYNASTY FALLS TOOK CHINESE NAME FOR THEIR DYNASTY- QING LASTED 260 YEARS EXPANDED BORDER TO INCLUDE TAIWAN, CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA, MONGOLIA, & TIBET

CHINA UNDER THE QING KANGXI FIRST RESISTED WHY? SLOWLY EARNED RESPECT BY UPHOLDING CONFUCIAN BELIEFS & STRUCTURE EMPERON IN 1661 RULDED FOR 60 YEARS, REDUCED GOV. EXPENSES & LOWERED TAXES

QIAN-LONG CHINA’S RESTRICTIONS GRANDSON OF KANGXI, RULED FROM 1736-1795, REACHED GREATEST PROSPERITY, WORKED ON EMPIRE’S PROBLEMS IF COUNTRIES WANTED TO TRADE WITH CHINA THEY WOULD HAVE TO FOLLOW RULES & PAY A TRIBUTE.

KOREA PAID CHINESE TRIBUTE & ADOPTED MANY WAYS OF CHINA’S BELIEFS GAINED STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM AND AWAY FROM CHINA ESPECIALLY SEEN IN THE ART.

LIFE IN MING & QING CHINA FAMILY LIFE FAMILIES FARMED NEW FOOD, NUTRITION IMPROVED & FAMILIES EXPANDED SONS FAVORED, ONLY ALLOWED TO PERFORM VITAL RELIGIOUS RITUALS RAISE OWN FAMILY UNDER PARENTS ROOF WHY?

FEMALES NOT VALUED FEMALE INFANTS OFTEN KILLED WIVES RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDED WORKING IN THE FIELDS, SUPERVISED CHILDREN’S EDUCATION, MANAGED FAMILY FINANCES.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION SECTION 3 JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

A NEW FEUDALISM UNDER STRONG LEADERS JAPAN DAIMYO VIOLENT ERA 1467-1568 KNOWN AS SENGOKU OR WARRING STATES WARRIOR CHIEFTAINS OFFERED SECURITY FOR LOYALTY

ODA NOBUNAGA TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI BRUTAL & AMBITIOUS DAIMYO SEIZED CAPITAL OF KYOTO (1568). COULDN’T UNIFY JAPAN & COMMITTED SUICIDE NOBUNAGA’S BEST GENERAL CONTINUED THE MISSION. CONTROLLED MOST OF COUNTRY UNTIL HE DIED IN 1598

TOKUGAWA IEYASU UNIFIED JAPAN, BECAME SOLE RULER, MOVED CAPITAL TO EDO (TOKYO). FORCED LOCAL DAIMYO’S TO SPEND EVERY OTHER YEAR IN THE CAPITAL, THIS TAMED THEM RULE OF LAW OVERCAME THE RULE OF THE SWORD MEANING?

TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE DYNASTY OF SOLE RULERS UNIFIED TAKE CARE OF THE PEOPLE. STRIVE TO BE VIRTUOUS. NEVER NEGLECT TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY.

LIFE IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN IDEAL SOCIETY DEPENDED ON AGRICULTURE NOT COMMERCE WHY?

SOCIETY SHIFT HAIKU MID 1700’S FROM RURAL TO URBAN. EDO BECAME LARGEST CITY IN WORLD WITH MORE THAN 1 MILLION PEOPLE. COMMERCIAL CENTERS INCREASED 5-7-5 SYLLABLE, 3-LINE VERSE POETRY; PRESENTED IMAGES RATHER THAN IDEAS

KABUKI THEATRE WHERE ACTORS WERE IN ELABORATE COSTUMES, USING MUSIC, DANCE, & MIME, PERFORMED SKITS ABOUT MODERN LIFE.

CONTACT BETWEEN EUROPE & JAPAN PORTUGUESE MERCHANTS CASTLES BUILT FIRST GROUP IN JAPAN. FIREARMS WAS THEIR BIGGEST ITEM OF TRADE. BUILT FORTIFIED CASTLES TO WITHSTAND CANNONBALLS. WHY DID BUILDING OF CASTLES ATTRACT PEOPLE?

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES JAPAN ACCEPTS IT AT FIRST. WHY? EVENTUALLY BANNED BECAUSE WENT AGAINST TRADITIONAL JAPANESE BELIEFS

THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY BORDERS CLOSED STRENGTHENED TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS BY ELIMINATING EUROPEAN IDEAS THAT UNDERMINED TOKUGAWA AUTHORITY & LIMITING TRADE PRODUCED MONOPOLY & HIGH PROFITS

LONG TERM EFFECT OF CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY MISSED TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES & STAGNATION OF IDEAS