2. CHAPTER 19 AN AGE OF EXPLORATIONS & ISOLATION
SECTION 1
EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

3. The Spanish had been fighting the “Reconquista” for 781 years…
This was a war to take back the land of Spain from the Muslims who invaded in 711 AD
This ended in what famous year in Spanish history???

4. 1492

5. The Reconquista
So with Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain united, they completed this 781 year war…
Needless to say, they needed???
GOLD

6. Therefore…
Since the Spaniards were fighting this 781 year war, they did not take the lead in the “Age of Exploration”
Another country on the Iberian Peninsula did…

7. PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY…
One of the reasons why Portugal leads the way was Prince Henry the Navigator
Included in his achievements were:
Founding a Navigation school,
Supporting Exploration through funding
The belief in getting himself and the country richer
Spreading Christianity
Setting up a trading network for even more riches

8. God Glory and Gold
Stories of early explorers, like Marco Polo getting to China in 1275, told of great riches…
Since Europe was at war for most of the 1300’s, exploration was not an interest
However, in the 1400’s, it was an interest again and now the Europeans also had the technology to make this very profitable

9. So why would these Europeans leave?
GOD
GLORY
GOLD

10. So why would these Europeans leave?
EUROPEANS HAVE A CHANCE EXPLORE
SPICES SUCH AS CINNAMON, SAFRON, PEPPER, ETC WERE WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD
DESIRE TO BE RICH, SPREAD CHRISTIANITY, & ADVANCES IN SAILING
AFTER BRINGING THESE SPICES BACK, MERCHANTS WERE ABLE TO SELL SPICES AT HIGH PRICES

11. WHY SPREAD CHRISTIANITY?
EUROPEANS BELIEVED SACRED DUTY WAS TO CONVERT NON-CHRISTIANS.

12. Bartolomeu Dias Early Portuguese Explorer
While he is known for reaching the Horn of Africa he said his motive was:
“To Serve God and His majesty to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”

13. NOW HOW WAS THIS POSSIBLE?
“New” TECHNOLOGY
These New Technologies included:
SHIPS SUCH AS THE CARAVEL.
IMPROVED SAILING TECHNIQUES.
STURDIER, TRIANGULAR SAILS TO SAIL INTO THE WIND
NAVIGATIONTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES (ASTROLABE, COMPASS, CHIP LOG, ETC).

14. VASCO DA GAMA
1497, EXPLORED EAST COAST OF AFRICA AND THEN PORT OF CALICUT (SW SHORE OF INDIA), RETURNED HOME WITH CARGO 60 TIMES COST OF VOYAGE.

15. SPAIN ALSO MAKES CLAIMS
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
1492- REACHED A CARIBBEAN ISLAND
MISTAKENLY THOUGHT IT WAS EAST INDIES. OPENED THE WAY FOR COLONIZATION IN AMERICA.

17. TENSION BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
WHEN COLUMBUS IS BELIEVED TO HAVE REACHED ASIA, PORTUGAL & SPAIN HAD MAJOR TENSION AS THEY BATTLE FOR LAND
THE PORTUGUESE ARGUE COLUMBUS IS CLAIMING LAND THAT WAS ALREADY THEIRS
THE TWO COUNTRIES COME TO THE VERGE OF WAR, BUT POPE ALEXANDER VI INTERVENES.

18. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS THE POPE SUGGESTS A “LINE OF DEMARCATION”
A MADE UP BORDERLINE
- WEST OF LINE WOULD BE SPAIN’S, EAST OF LINE WOULD BE PORTUGAL’S
1494-BOTH COUNTRIES AGREE TO HONOR THE LINE

19. TRADING EMPIRES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
PORTUGAL
THE PORTUGUESE TAKE TRADING CITIES IN CHINA (MACAU), INDIA (GOA), AND MALAYSIA (MALACCA STRAIT)
DOMINATED TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN, PERSIAN GULF, ARABIAN SEA, INDIA & ASIA
WHY ARE THEY DETERMINED TO PREVENT MUSLIMS FROM CONTINUING THEIR SPICE TRADE?

20. Portuguese Success! The Portuguese break the Italian-Muslim monopoly
They brought goods back to Europe which now cost Europeans 1/5th of the previous cost
As a result of the cheaper cost, demand goes up even more for these Eastern goods.
Portugal’s Asian success brought competitors and new explorers through Asia.

21. 42,000 MILES Ferdinand Magellan
Born in modern day Portugal, he served the King of Spain
Very simply put, he was the man who put together the first expedition that would circumnavigate the world

22. And Now… Competitors…
BY 1620, THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY HAVE LARGEST FLEET IN WORLD.
EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE A COMPANY, THEY WERE:
WEALTHY
MADE TREATIES,
RAISED ARMIES & ESTABLISHED THEIR DOMINANCE IN REGION
THEY DRIVE THE PORTUGUESE OUT OF INDONESIA
THE DUTCH (A.K.A. NETHERLANDS) CHALLENGE
THE DUTCH FORM THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, WHICH IS FINANCED BY WORLDWIDE INVESTORS

23. DUTCH TRADE OUTPOSTS
SEIZED CONTROL OF MANY PORTUGUESE AREAS INCLUDING CONTROL OF INDIAN OCEAN.
BY 1700 THEY RULED INDONESIA & HAD MANY TRADING POSTS IN ASIA.
ALSO CONTROLLED CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ON SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA WHICH WAS A MAJOR RESUPPLY STOP

24. British and French Outposts
By the 1700’s Great Britain started the English East India Company
The French East India Company faced too many attacks from the Dutch and was never that successful

25. CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS
SECTION 2
CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS

26. CHINA UNDER THE POWERFUL MING DYNASTY
HONGWU
DOMINATED POWER IN ASIA ( ).
COUNTRIES PAID TRIBUTE TO THE MING, & EXPECTED EUROPEANS TO DO THE SAME.
1ST MING EMPEROR, CREATED MANY REFORMS TO PROMOTE POWER & PROSPERITY, SEEN AS A TYRANT

27. FOREIGN RELATIONS
OF CHINA
CHINA REMAINED ISOLATED EVEN THOUGH DEMAND OF SILK & CERAMIC SKY ROCKETED.
OPPOSED EUROPEAN & CHRISTIAN PRESENCE

28. MANCHUS FOUND THE QING DYNASTY
PEOPLE OF MANCHURIA INVADED CHINA & MING DYNASTY FALLS
TOOK CHINESE NAME FOR THEIR DYNASTY- QING
LASTED 260 YEARS
EXPANDED BORDER TO INCLUDE TAIWAN, CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA, MONGOLIA, & TIBET

29. CHINA UNDER THE QING
KANGXI
FIRST RESISTED
WHY?
SLOWLY EARNED RESPECT BY UPHOLDING CONFUCIAN BELIEFS & STRUCTURE
EMPEROR IN 1661 RULED FOR 60 YEARS, REDUCED GOV. EXPENSES & LOWERED TAXES

30. QIAN-LONG
CHINA’S RESTRICTIONS
GRANDSON OF KANGXI, RULED FROM , REACHED GREATEST PROSPERITY, WORKED ON EMPIRE’S PROBLEMS
IF COUNTRIES WANTED TO TRADE WITH CHINA THEY WOULD HAVE TO FOLLOW RULES & PAY A TRIBUTE.

31. KOREA
PAID CHINESE TRIBUTE & ADOPTED MANY WAYS OF CHINA’S BELIEFS
GAINED STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM AND AWAY FROM CHINA ESPECIALLY SEEN IN THEIR ART.

32. LIFE IN MING & QING CHINA
FAMILY LIFE
FAMILIES FARMED NEW FOOD, NUTRITION IMPROVED & FAMILIES EXPANDED
SONS FAVORED, ONLY ALLOWED TO PERFORM VITAL RELIGIOUS RITUALS
RAISE OWN FAMILY UNDER PARENTS ROOF
WHY?

33. WIVES RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDED
FEMALES NOT VALUED
WIVES RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDED
WORKING IN THE FIELDS,
SUPERVISED CHILDREN’S EDUCATION
MANAGED FAMILY FINANCES

34. JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION
SECTION 3
JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

35. A NEW FEUDALISM UNDER STRONG LEADERS
JAPAN
DAIMYO
VIOLENT ERA KNOWN AS SENGOKU OR WARRING STATES
WARRIOR CHIEFTAINS OFFERED SECURITY FOR LOYALTY

36. ODA NOBUNAGA
TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI
BRUTAL & AMBITIOUS DAIMYO SEIZED CAPITAL OF KYOTO (1568).
COULDN’T UNIFY JAPAN & COMMITTED SUICIDE
NOBUNAGA’S BEST GENERAL CONTINUED THE MISSION.
CONTROLLED MOST OF COUNTRY UNTIL HE DIED IN 1598

37. TOKUGAWA IEYASU
UNIFIED JAPAN, BECAME SOLE RULER, MOVED CAPITAL TO EDO (TOKYO).
FORCED LOCAL DAIMYO’S TO SPEND EVERY OTHER YEAR IN THE CAPITAL, THIS TAMED THEM
RULE OF LAW OVERCAME THE RULE OF THE SWORD
MEANING?

38. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
DYNASTY OF SOLE RULERS UNIFIED
WANTED TO TAKE CARE OF THE PEOPLE.
STRIVED TO BE VIRTUOUS.
AND VOWED TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY.

39. LIFE IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN
THE IDEAL SOCIETY DEPENDED ON AGRICULTURE NOT COMMERCE IN TOKUGOWA JAPAN

40. SOCIETY SHIFT IN JAPAN
HAIKU
MID 1700’S FROM RURAL TO URBAN.
EDO BECAME LARGEST CITY IN WORLD WITH MORE THAN 1 MILLION PEOPLE.
COMMERCIAL CENTERS INCREASED
5-7-5 SYLLABLE, 3-LINE VERSE POETRY; PRESENTED IMAGES RATHER THAN IDEAS

41. KABUKI
THEATRE WHERE ACTORS WERE IN ELABORATE COSTUMES,
USING MUSIC, DANCE, & MIME
PERFORMED SKITS ABOUT MODERN LIFE.

42. CONTACT BETWEEN EUROPE & JAPAN
PORTUGUESE MERCHANTS
CASTLES BUILT
FIRST GROUP IN JAPAN. FIREARMS WAS THEIR BIGGEST ITEM OF TRADE.
BUILT FORTIFIED CASTLES TO WITHSTAND CANNONBALLS.

43. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES
JAPAN ACCEPTS IT AT FIRST. WHY?
BRILLIANT CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES LIKE FRANCIS XAVIER COME TO JAPAN
EVENTUALLY BANNED BECAUSE WENT AGAINST TRADITIONAL JAPANESE BELIEFS

44. THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY
JAPAN CLOSES BORDERS
STRENGTHENED TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS BY ELIMINATING EUROPEAN IDEAS THAT UNDERMINED TOKUGAWA AUTHORITY
LIMITING TRADE PRODUCED MONOPOLY
HIGH PROFITS FOR THE SHOGUNS

45. LONG TERM EFFECT OF CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY OF JAPAN
MISSED TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
ELECTRICITY
SCIENCE
MILITARY
STAGNATION OF IDEAS
EMPERORS UNTIL 1945
NOT A FREE MARKET UNTIL 1945