Clauses A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a complete sentence. A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Practice-identify if the clause is an independent or subordinate clause 1. we memorized the lyrics 2. as they sat on the back porch 3. if no one is coming 4. my sister was born on Valentine’s day 5. which everyone enjoyed complete 6-10 on your own on page 442

Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. EX: Ms. Jackson showed pictures that she had taken in Egypt. [The adjective clause modifies the noun pictures, telling which pictures.] EX: That one, which is my favorite, was bought in Kenya. [ The adjective clause modifies the pronoun one, telling which one.] An adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun relates an adjective clause to the word or words the clause modifies. EX: Leonardo da Vinci was the artist who painted the Mona Lisa. [The relative pronoun who begins the adjective clause and related it to the noun artist.]

word(s) that refer to the relative pronoun Practice-Adjective clauses- underline the adjective clause, circle the relative pronoun and double underline the word(s) that refer to the relative pronoun sayings 1. Most proverbs are sayings that give advice. games 2. Trivia questions have been organized into games that have become quite popular. 3. A black hole, which results after a star has collapsed, can trap energy and matter. 4. the school presented a special award to the student whose work had improved most. 5. Frances Perkins, who served as secretary of labor, was the first woman to hold a Cabinet position. Now you complete 6-10 on page 446.

Adverb clauses Unlike an adverb, adverb clauses have a subject and a verb. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause tells where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what condition. EX: You may sit wherever you wish. [the adverb clauses modifies the verb may sit, telling where you may sit.] EX: If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to Carter Lake. [ the adverb clause modifies the verb will go, telling under what condition we will go to Carter Lake.]

Adverb Clauses are introduced by Subordinating Conjunctions

verb Practice Adverb Clauses Box the Adverb Clause, circle the subordinating conjunction, underline the subject and double underline the verb. existed 1. These children once used many natural objects in games since no toys stores existed there at the time. are doing 2. Many American Indian children played darts with large feathers as these Arapaho children are doing. 3. If you look closely at the tree, you can see the children’s target, a hole in the truck. 4. These children are throwing goose feathers attached to bones, but players also used wild turkey feathers whenever they could find them. Now its your turn on page finish 5-10

Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun. A noun clause may be used as a subject, as a complement (such as a predicate nominative, a direct object, or an indirect object), or as an object of a preposition. SUBJECT: That they were angry was obvious to others. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE: Three dollars was what Daniel offered for the trinket. DIRECT OBJECT: Anthony and Peter remembered who he was. INDIRECT OBJECT: The hostess gives whoever enters a menu. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION: Eager to please the speaker, we listened to whatever he said.

The word that introduces a noun clause often has a grammatical function within the clause. Sometimes the word that introduces a noun clause is omitted but is understood. EX: She said [that] the milk was sour. Practice on page Exercise Whenever you decide will be fine with us. Identify the Subject 2. No, these results are not what we had planned. Identify Predicate Nominative