Fort Sumter, April 12-15, 1861

Mobilization Lincoln prepares North for war VA, AR, TN, NC secede 4 slave states remain –Delaware –Border states / regions Maryland Kentucky Missouri Western Virginia

Temporary measures Lincoln would take no chances with MD Imprisonment of pro-secession state legislators Suppression of disloyal newspapers Suspended habeas corpus –Supreme Court struck it down –Lincoln ignored Taney – just like Jackson

American Civil War

North v. South On the eve of war, one certainty: North has material advantage 2x the population – 4x the white pop. More fighters and workers Northern advanced industrial complex South improved, still reliant on Europe North has better transportation: More and better roads; 2x the rails Better integrated rails – uniform gauges By 1864 Southern inferior rails collapse

Comparing Sides

Railroads 1860

Hindsight is 20/20 At the time, South seems better situated Defense war, positions --so… North fighting in the South –so… Southern commitment mostly uniform Northern commitment divided, shaky to end One decisive victory away from failure of Northern will Perhaps even European intervention for South

Strategy and Diplomacy Militarily –Initiative to fight is up to the Union –To keep South it has to defeat South Diplomatically –South has to gain recognition from Europe –North needs to maintain status quo Attack and Die –South adopts a “Celtic” strategy – full frontal assault

Commander-In- Chief Material Advantage Sees goal –destroy Armies –not territories Lincoln is more competent than his generals –Not schooled in war –“By the power of his mind, [he] became a fine strategist.”

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

Joint Committee on the Conduct of War Congress’ voice in formulating war policy Very powerful, interfering Joint investigative committee from both houses Chair: Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio Radical Republicanism Function Constantly plague Lincoln

Confederate States of America Professional Solider (West Point) Fails to create effective system of command 1862 names Robert E. Lee principal military advisor No plan on sharing Fed up, Lee goes to field

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

The North’s Plan

Anaconda Gen. Scott Naval blockade River control Eventually “squeeze” toward Richmond

Advantage at Sea 1. Logistics most important 2. Union Blockades –Not fully effective –Smugglers (Gone with the Wind) –Union is able to squeeze Southern ports South tries to break the Blockade –Ironclads – Merrimack v. Monitor –Torpedo boats –Hand-powered submarines CSS Huley v. USS Housatonic

USS Cairo

Europe England and France Southern sympathizers at start –Cotton importation –Weaken USA –Aristocratic nature of society France stays out – will follow Britain Britain stays out – Popular Union support Freedom v. slavery Emancipation Proclamation fuels this view

Death of King Cotton 1861 UK cotton surplus No need for CS cotton Turn to Egypt and India to meet demand Major southern bargaining tool undermined No foreign recognition – never proves its close enough

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861 North defeated Disorganized retreat Stonewall Jackson got his name

The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

War in the East:

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862

Order No. 191 Lee’s battle plan for Antietam Fell into Union hands McClellan knew exactly how Lee would attack Still, McClellan refused to commit to victory

23,000 casualties

The Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation in 1863

The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

Inflation in the South

The Progress of War:

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham

Presidential Election Results: 1864

The Final Virginia Campaign:

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination “Sic semper tyrannis!”

WANTEDWANTED

The Execution