Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Muscular System Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College This is the presentation on the muscular system for Human Anatomy and Physiology I at Oklahoma City Community College. I am Dennis Anderson. Dennis Anderson

Muscles Movement Posture Stabilize joints Generate heat Protect There are about 650 muscles in the human body. They enable us to move, maintain posture and generate heat. In this unit will only study a sample of the major muscles.  

Flexion You will need to know the action or movement performed for each of the muscles we study. The first type of movement is called flexion. Note the lower leg is being flexed in this diagram. During flexion the angle of joint is decreased. As the knee is flexed, the angle between the lower leg and the thigh is decreased. Flexion of the upper arm is also illustrated in this diagram. Here the angle between the arm and the frontal plane is decreased.

Extension Extension is the opposite of flexion. In extension the angle of a joint is increased. Extension of the lower leg causes an increased angle between the lower leg and the thigh.  

Hyperextension Flexion and extension also apply to the neck. When a joint is extended past the anatomical position the movement is called hyperextension.

Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to movements of the foot. In dorsiflexion the toes move up. In plantar flexion the toes move down.

Abduction, Adduction & Circumduction Abduction refers to moving away from the median plane of the body. Adduction is the opposite movement to abduction. It is moving toward the medial plane. Circumduction refers to inscribing a circle while moving a limb.

Rotation Rotation is turning a bone on its own axis. Moving the head back and forth to indicate “no” is an example of rotation. Note the difference between medial and lateral rotation. In lateral rotation the limb is rotated the lateral side of the body. Medial rotation rotates the limb toward the medial side of the body.

Gliding Gliding is a movement that involves one bone sliding over another. Movement of the wrist is gliding because the carpal bones slide over each other.

Several movements are shown on this slide Several movements are shown on this slide. Supination is turning the palm up. Pronation is turning the palm down. Eversion is turning the sole of the foot outward. Inversion is turning the sole of the foot inward. Protraction is moving a bone forward and retraction is moving a bone backward. Elevation is lifting a body part in a superior direction. Closing the mouth is the result of elevating the mandible. Depression is the opposite of elevation. When the mandible is depressed the mouth will open.

Terminology Prime mover (Agonist) Antagonist Muscle that is the main force for a given movement Biceps—prime mover for elbow flexioin Antagonist Muscle that oppose a given movement Triceps

Terminology Continued Synergist Muscle that works with another muscle for a given movement Belly Thickest part of muscle Biceps belly near the middle of the humerus

Muscle Attachments Insertion Origin Muscles attach in at least two places in the body. *The origin is the attachment that moves the least. *The insertion is the attachment that moves the most. This diagram illustrates the origin and insertion of one of the neck muscles. Note the origin is on the clavicle and sternum. The insertion is on the skull. When the muscle contracts it will shorten the distance between the origin and insertion. The head will move when this muscle contracts. Remember the insertion is the end of the muscle that moves the most. Since the head moves the attachment on the head is called the insertion. The origin is generally on a larger body part will move the least. The chest does not move when this muscle contract. The bones in the chest are therefore the origin.

Origin Insertion Muscle attachment that moves the least Muscle attachment that moves the most I will now review some definitions of terms for the muscular system. The origin is a muscle attachment that moves the least.

Sternocleidomastoideus Flexes and Rotates Head The first muscle we will learn is the sternocleidomastoideus. It is sometime called the sternocleitomastoid. It is the same neck muscle shown on the previous slide. * This muscle has two origins. The first origin is on the sternum manubrium. The second origin is on the clavicle. *The insertion is on the mastoid process of the skull. *Contraction of both sternocleidomastoideus muscles will flex the head. If just on of the muscles contracts, the head will rotate. O: Sternum Manubrium & Clavicle I: Mastoid process

Masseter Elevate Mandible O: Zygomatic Arch I: Mandible The masseter is one of major chewing muscles. *The origin of the masseter is on the zygomatic arch. *The insertion is on the mandible. *Contraction of the masseter will elevate the jaw. O: Zygomatic Arch I: Mandible

Elevate & Retract Mandible Temporalis Elevate & Retract Mandible The temporalis is another chewing muscle. Note how it attaches on the side of skull. *It also elevates the mandible. Also note I did not give the origin and insertion of this muscle. You will only need to know the origin and insertion of a few of the muscles in this unit.

Closes & Protrudes Lips Orbicularis oris Closes & Protrudes Lips O: Maxilla & Mandible I: Mouth

Buccinator Sucking & Whistling

Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate or Depress Scapula Trapezius Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate or Depress Scapula Trapezius The trapezius is a large muscle in the upper back. It attaches to the skull, shoulder and vertebrae of the back. *When this muscle contracts it will cause the head to extend. It will also move the scapula. The direction the scapula moves depends on which part of the trapezius contracts. The trapezius may adduct elevate or depress the scapula.

Rhomboid Major Adduct Scapula

Teres Major Adduct Humerus O: Scapula I: Humerus

Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially Latissimus Dorsi Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially Latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi is a large muscle in the back. It is often referred to as a lat. *It has origins on the vertebrae, ilium ribs and scapula. *The insertion is on the humerus. When it contracts it moves the humerus. *It can extend, adduct and rotate the arm medially. This is the main muscle used in movement such as pounding a nail with a hammer. O: Vertebrae, Ilium, Ribs, Scapula I: Humerus

Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm Deltoid Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm The deltoid covers the shoulder and has the shape of a delta. *It has origins on the scapula and clavicle. *The deltoid inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. *Contraction of the deltoid will adduct the arm. If only the anterior fibers of the muscle contract it will flex the arm. Contraction of the posterior fibers will extend the arm. O: Clavicle and Scapula I: Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus

Supraspinatus Abduct arm The supraspinatus is located in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula. *It will also adduct the arm. The supraspinatus is a synergist with the deltoid. Synergistic muscles work together.

Rotates Humerus Laterally Infraspinatus Rotates Humerus Laterally The infraspinatus is located in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. *It rotates the humerus laterally.

Flexes, adducts & rotates arm medially Pectoralis Major Flexes, adducts & rotates arm medially The pectoralis major is a large muscle in the pectoral region of the body. *It has origins on the clavicle and sternum. *The insertion is on the greater tubercle of the humerus. *Contraction of the pectoralis major will flex the arm. It will also adduct and rotate the arm medially. The pectoralis major is used in movements such a climbing, throwing and doing pushups. O: Clavicle and Sternum I: Greater Tubercle of Humerus

Biceps Brachii Flexes Elbow Joint O: Coracoid Process & Glenoid Cavity The biceps brachii is located on the anterior side of the upper arm. It is often just called the biceps. There is a biceps femoris in the leg we will study shortly. *The biceps has two origins. One origin is on the corocoid process and the other on the Glenoid cavity of the scapula. The “bi” in biceps refers to the two origins. *It inserts on the radial tuberosity. *Contraction of the biceps will cause flexing at the elbow joint. O: Coracoid Process & Glenoid Cavity I: Radial Tuberosity

Triceps Brachii Extend Elbow Joint O: Humerus & Scapula I: Olecranon The triceps is on the back of the upper arm. *It has three origins. Two origins are on the back of the humerus and one on the scapula. *The triceps inserts on the olecranon. *Movement of the triceps will extend the elbow joint.   O: Humerus & Scapula I: Olecranon

Brachialis Flex forearm O: Humerus I: Ulna

Brachioradialis Flex Forearm

Flexor Carpi Radialis Flex Wrist

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flex Fingers

Pronator Teres Pronates forearm

Supinator Supinates forearm

Estensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extend Wrist

Estensor Digitorum Extend Fingers

Rectus Abdominus Flexes Abdomen O: Pubis Rectus abdominus is a long muscle in the abdomen. *The muscle originates on the pubis. *It inserts on the xiphoid process of the sternum and also on cartilage of the ribs. *When rectus abdominus contracts it will flex the abdomen.   O: Pubis I: Xiphoid Process & Cartilage of Ribs

External Oblique Compress Abdomen Another muscle in the abdomen is the external oblique. It has muscle fibers that run in an oblique direction across the abdomen. *Contraction of the external oblique will compress the abdomen.

Internal Oblique Compress Abdomen

External Intercostals Elevate ribs There are two groups of muscles that run between the ribs. The first are the external intercostals. *They will elevate the ribs.

Internal Intercostals Depress ribs The internal intercostals are also located between the ribs. *They will depress the ribs.

Diaphragm Inspiration This is an inferior view of the diaphragm. This muscle separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. *When it contracts it will cause inspiration.

Extends & Rotates Thigh Laterally Gluteus Maximus Extends & Rotates Thigh Laterally The large muscle on the posterior side of the body at the top of each leg is the gluteus maximus. *The gluteus maximus originates on the ilium, sacrum and coccyx. *It inserts on the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. *This muscle will extend and rotate the thigh laterally. O: Ilium, Sacrum & Coccyx I: Gluteal Tuberosity

Flexes Thigh, Extends Lower Leg Rectus Femoris Flexes Thigh, Extends Lower Leg Rectus femoris is located on the anterior side of the thigh. *It originates on the ilium. *The insertion is on the patella and the tibial tuberosity. *When rectus femoris contracts it will flex the thigh and extend the lower leg. O: Ilium I: Patella & Tibial Tuberosity

Vastus Lateralis Extends Lower Leg Just lateral to rectus femoris is vastus lateralis. *This muscle will extend the lower leg.

Vastus Medialis Extends Lower Leg Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the leg. *It extends the lower leg.

Adduct, Rotate & Flex Thigh Laterally Adductor Longus Adduct, Rotate & Flex Thigh Laterally Deeper inside the leg is the adductor longus. *It adducts, rotates and flexes the thigh.  

Adducts and Flexes Thigh Gracilis Adducts and Flexes Thigh O: Ischium and Pubis The gracilis is on the medial side of the thigh. *It adducts and flexes the thigh.   I: Tibia

Flexes Thigh, & Rotates Thigh Laterally Sartorius Flexes Thigh, & Rotates Thigh Laterally O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Sartorius is a long, strap like muscle. *It originates on the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium. *The insertion is on the medial side of the tibia. * Contraction of the sartorius flexes the thigh and rotates the thigh laterally. This is the muscle used when crossing the legs to sit on the floor. I: Medial Side of Tibia

Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Biceps Femoris Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Biceps femoris is one of the hamstring muscles. *The origin is on the ischial tuberosity. *Biceps femoris inserts on the tibia and fibula. This muscle extends the thigh and flexes the lower leg. O: Ischial Tuberosity I: Tibia & Fibula

Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Semitendinosus Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Semitendinosus is another hamstring muscle. *It will extend the thigh and flex the lower leg just like biceps femoris.

Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Semimembranosus Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg Semimembranosus is the third hamstring. *It will also extend the thigh and flexes the lower leg.

Plantar Flexes Foot & Flex Lower Leg Gastrocnemius Plantar Flexes Foot & Flex Lower Leg Gastrocnemius is commonly called the calf muscle. *It originates on the distal end of the femur. *The insertion is on the calcaneus bone of the foot. *It will cause plantar flexion of the foot and also flex the lower leg. O: Femur I: Calcaneus of Foot

Soleus Plantar Flexes Foot Gastrocnemius is commonly called the calf muscle. *It originates on the distal end of the femur. *The insertion is on the calcaneus bone of the foot. *It will cause plantar flexion of the foot and also flex the lower leg.

Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot Tibialis Anterior Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot O: Lateral Condyle of Tibia I: Ankle Tibialis anterior is located on the anterior side of the tibia. *It will dorsiflex and invert the foot.

THE END This concludes the unit on the Muscular System.