| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation 1 Egyptian Politics: Religion, Secularity and Kifaya Dr Vivienne Matthies-Boon

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation The Egyptian Arab Spring (2011) ›19 Dec 2010 –Mohamed Bouazizi ›17 Jan 2011 – Man put on fire ›25 Jan 2011 – Protests start ›26 Jan 2011 – Crackdown starts ›29 Jan 2011 – Suleiman appointed ›31 Jan 2011 – Army refuses to shoot protestors ›3 Feb 2011 – Suleiman: bad for business ›4 Feb 2011 – Day of Rage ›11 Feb 2011 – Mubarak resigns ›4 March 2011 Essam Sharaf appointed 2

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Western Media focus on Muslim Brotherhood ›Fear rise of Muslim Brotherhood ›Post-9/11 context  Islam homogenous category  Religion determining factor ›Oppositional terms:  Secular vs Religious  Modern vs Traditional  Progressive vs Backwards  Liberal vs Fundamentalist  Democratic vs Authoritarian ›Egypt:  Secular Mubarak vs Islamist Muslim Brotherhood 3

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Aim of this talk: ›Show that the story is more complex:  Muslim Brotherhood is not Al Qaeda but has gone through a process of structural and ideological (democratic) transformation  The state of Mubarak was not as secular presumed  Democratisation movement has longer roots than presumed 4

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Muslim Brotherhood ›1935 – Hassan Al-Banna ›Sayyid Qutb ›Jahilliya ›Establish Islamic State ›Structure  Shura Council  Guidance Bureau  General Guide 5

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Muslim Brotherhood General Guides › (1928–1949) Hassan al BannaHassan al Banna › (1949–1972) Hassan al-HudaybiHassan al-Hudaybi › (1972–1986) Umar al-TilmisaniUmar al-Tilmisani › (1986–1996) Muhammad Hamid Abu al-NasrMuhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr ›(1996–2002) Mustafa MashhurMustafa Mashhur › (2002–2004) Ma'mun al-HudaybiMa'mun al-Hudaybi ›(2004–2010) Mohammed Mahdi AkefMohammed Mahdi Akef › (2010 – present) Mohammed BadieMohammed Badie 6

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Muslim Brotherhood › Democracy:  Broad and equal citizenship  Binding consultation with citizens  Protection of state from arbitrary state action ›Old vs new generation? ›Relation to presidents? 7

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Election Strategy Muslim Brotherhood ›1984 – Wafd Cooperation ›Electoral law 114/1983 ›1986 Parliament dissolved ›1987 – Labour Party Cooperation ›Criticised by Jama’a al-Islamiyya ›1987 elections – repression ›Focus on bread and butter politics ›1990 – Boycott Elections (collaboration Wafd) ›Active professional unions ›Sham democrats? 8

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Election Strategy Muslim Brotherhood › 1994:conference on Freedoms and Civil Society  Women rights  Pluralism/party politics  Equal status Copts  Human Rights ›1995: MB activists rounded up and jailed ›1995: elections most violent ›1995: Ma’mun Hudaybi refuses to sign national accord & Cemetry Pledge of Allegiance ›1996: attempted formation of Wasat party 9

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Election Strategy Muslim Brotherhood › 2000: cadres emerge from prison  Accept Copt as president  Egypt already is an Islamic State  Constitution and ballotbox  Hijabs personal choice ›Mashour death 2002 ›Hudaybi death

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Mubarak’s Seculareligious State ›Egypt socially and culturally transformed  Piety  Veiling  Amr Khalid  Religious popular culture ›State seculareligious  1980 introduced Sharia  1992 Muhammad al Mahjub: Sharia is primary  Guardians of Islamic morals - Shia, homosexuality, hisbas - Construction mosques and selection preachers 11

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation Mubarak’s Seculareligious State ›2004 Embryonic movement ›New independent dailies: Al-Misr Al Yown, Nahdit Misr, al-Dustur ›Call for democratisation ›Kifaya means ‘Enough!’ ›Popular force ›Campaign on the streets ›Domestic concerns ›Broad array of intellectuals and activists ›New institutions: The Popular Campaign for Change, the National Coalition for Democratic Transformation, The National Coalition for Democratic Transformation, The National Alliance for Reform and Change, Youths for Change, College Faculty for Change, the Street is Ours, and others ›Egyptian Popular Committee for Solidarity with the Palestinian Intifada (EPCSPI) (2000) 12

| faculty of arts gsg-reg research in ethics and globalisation I hope to have showed that: ›the story is more complex:  Muslim Brotherhood is not Al Qaeda but has gone through a process of structural and ideological (democratic) transformation  The state of Mubarak was not as secular presumed  Democratisation movement has longer roots than presumed 13