1. POL 454
TURKEY & LEBANON

2. TURKEY & LEBANON TURKEY LEBANON Terms to Know Identity Problems
Institutions & Elections
LEBANON
Terms to Know
Taif Accords Hizb’allah
Justice & Development Party (AKP) Kemalism
Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) consociationalism
Cedar Revolution PM Recep Erdogan
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Treaty of Sevres
Treaty of Lausanne (1923) March 8 Coalition
National Pact (1943) March 14 Alliance

3. Turkey
From Ottoman Turks to Treaty of Sevres (1920) to Treaty of Lausanne (1923) to Turkey today

4. Turkey’s Identity Problems: Europe or Mideast? Secular or Muslim?
Kemalism
Republicanism
Secularism
Nationalism
Populism
Revolutionism
Étatism
1924 abolished the Caliphate
1925 abolished Sharia courts
Latinized the alphabet
Enforced Western dress
Headscarf and Fez ban
Muslim parties banned

5. Turkey’s Identity Problems
Alevi
Armenians
Kurds
Languages & Parties banned
Civil war (PKK)
“Kurdish Opening”
Language permitted on radio and in schools

6. Turkey’s Institutions
Executive—
President: elected by Leg. to 5yr terms
Prime minister:
Legislative—
Grand National Assembly (550 members)
Elections every 4 years.
10% threshold seats
Justice and Development Party (AKP) elected 2002, (PM Recep Erdogan)
February 7, 2008, Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities,
5 June 2008, Constitutional Court annulled it, saying it is against founding principles of the constitution.
After September 2010 referendum, AKP vowed to support any student disciplined for wearing the headscarf on a university campus.
Turkish Higher Educational Council announced instructors may no longer take action against students wearing the headscarf.

7. The “Deep State” Military Intervention
periodically takes control in name of secular nationalist identity of the state
2008 Court upholds constitutionality of AKP
Ultranationalist Network on trial for conspiring to kill and create chaos to bring military takeover.
September 2010: referendum approves 26 amendments
military officers more accountable to civilian courts
anti-discrimination laws for women, seniors and disabled
give the executive branch more power in appointing judges
Constitutional Court annulled changes curbing the power of the judiciary and the army

8. II. LEBANON Ottoman Provinces French Mandate
1926 constitution: All Lebanese guaranteed freedoms of speech, assembly, and association "within the limits established by law."
Independent State (1943/6)

9. Consociational Democracy
Religions in Lebanon by sect (2007)
1943 National Pact:
President: Maronite
Prime minister: Sunni
Assembly Speaker: Shi`a
Unicameral Assembly of Representatives
elections every 4 years
seats allocated according to 1932 census (6:5 Christian)

10. TAIF ACCORDS Ended Civil War
Assembly divided equally between Muslims and Christians.
Militias to be disbanded
Syrian forces to enforce.

11. Cedar Revolution 2005 UN Res 1559 PM Rafiq Hariri Assassinated
UN Res 1559
PM Rafiq Hariri Assassinated
March 8: “thank Syria” rallies
March 14: “Syria out!” rallies
April: Syria out

12. January 2011 March 8 coalition March 14 alliance
January 2011
March 8 coalition
Members of Council of Ministers resign in protest of collaboration with the UN Tribunal for Lebanon (UN Res 1595) investigating the Hariri assassination
“national unity” government collapses January 12, ousting PM Saad Hariri
March 14 alliance
Jan 25 protests call the resignations coup d’état
If cabinet loses 1/3 members, it is dissolved
President Suleiman determines which Sunni has support (Najib Mikati)

13. Hizb’allah: terrorist group or political party?
Party of God
Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah
Schools
Hospitals
Micro-finance
“no needy in Dahiyeh”
1985 Party Manifesto for Iranian-style Islamic State
Sec Gen Hassan Nasr’allah