1. PLS 454/654 Comparative Study of the Maghreb

2. THE MAGHREB I. ALGERIA II. MOROCCO III. TUNISIA IV. LIBYA TERMS TO KNOW ISFFLNBen Ali MakhzenQaddafiGreen Book (PSD) Destour PartyBouteflika King’s Dilemma

3. The King’s Dilemma (Maddy-Weitzman, Huntington) Autocratic rulers may undermine their basis of power by adopting reforms, but may risk the same result if they do not do so

4. General model of authoritarian regimes of the middle east REGIME: A = AUTOCRATIC LEADER M = MILITARY CIVIL SOCIETY: L = LIBERAL FACTIONS I = ISLAMIST FACTIONS OUTCOMES: Scenario I: Continuation of the Authoritarian Status Quo Scenario II: Islamization of the Political Sphere Scenario III: Acceleration towards Democracy

5. I. THE MAGHREB

6. Democratic & Popular Republic of IIA. ALGERIA French colony until independence (1962) FLN One-Party State 1991 Islamic Salvation Front elections 1992 military forces ISF to dissolve parliament and resign 5-member High Council of State Appointed President Boudiaf Assassination & civil war GIA, GSPC 1999 election won by Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Re-elected 2004 & 2009 (2014?)

7. Algeria 2011 Jan 9: Algeria vows to punish food rioters Five dead, 800 injured, 1,000 arrests Feb 4: opposition groups go ahead with protests despite promises to allow more political freedoms. National Co-ordination for Change and Democracy (CNCD) President Bouteflika to give opposition air time and lift 19- year-old state of emergency http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/09/132829.html http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201121943659150329.html#

8. IIB. MOROCCO Alawite Kingdom 1912 French Protectorate 1957 Independent Kingdom of Morocco Muhammad V & Hassan Makhzen (commander of the faithful) National Front 1999 Muhammad VI & 2002 free-ish elections

9. Morocco 2011 The February 20th movement coalition of youth groups, labor unions and human rights organizations demanding a new constitution & greater democracy “relatively small and peaceful” http://www.npr.org/2011/02/20/133913195/Morocco-Next-Nation-Taken-By-Protests?sc=emaf

10. IIC. TUNISIA 1881 French protectorate 1956 Independence 1959: PSD (Destourian Socialist Party) dominance & one-party state 1980s: multiparty elections 1987: Bourguiba replaced by Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali

11. Tunisia 2011 December 17: Mohamed Bouazizi self-immolation spontaneous nationwide uprising 219 killed in all President Ben Ali resigns PM Ghannouchi forms emergency unity government Promise elections & greater political rights. Replaced with caretaker government Tunisian Government Commission on Political Reform http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/481/tunisias-glorious-revolution-and-its- implications “We might lose our freedom because we become too drunk on freedom” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/world/africa/22tunisia.html

12. IID. LIBYA Italy: 1911-1942 “Allied Powers”: 1942-1951 United Kingdom of Libya Sayyid Muhammad Idris I 1969 Revolution Col. Muammar al-Qadaffi Green Book: natural socialism Revolutionary Command Council (RCC)…really? General People’s Congress “Direct democracy”: popular, revolutionary, purification, volcano cttees…

13. Libya 2011 National Front for the Liberation of Libya (1981) Islamist (MB) & secular pro-democracy (Movement for Change & Reform) 1984 failed revolution Jan. 2011 Housing & corruption protests “Traitors of the West“: Facebook, Al-Jazeera, & foreign journalists blocked & 200 killed City of Benghazi under anti-government control Tribal leaders railed against Gaddafi soldiers defecting to the opposition. senior Libyan officials resigning http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8335934/Libya-protests- 140-massacred-as-Gaddafi-sends-in-snipers-to-crush- dissent.html?sms_ss=email&at_xt=4d61e7f2807c7cda%2C0 http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/4032.aspx http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2011/02/20/AR2011022004185.html?hpid=topnews

14. Appendix: The Battle of Algiers http://www.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/tu ner.php?channel=955&format=tv&theme=gui de http://www.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/tu ner.php?channel=955&format=tv&theme=gui de