Skeletal, Muscular and Integumentary Systems

Body Systems

Skeletal System – 206 bones

Skeleton Functions Supports and shapes the body

Skeleton Functions Protection of internal organs

Skeleton Functions Muscles and bones provide movement

Skeleton Functions Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus salts

Skeleton Functions Blood cells formation

Skeleton Parts Bone marrow – soft tissue at the center of bones

Skeleton Parts Joints – place where one or more bones meet

Skeleton Parts Cartilage – line surface of bones; does not contain blood vessels

Skeleton Parts Ligaments – elastic tissue that hold the bones together

Axial Skeleton (green) Support the central axis of the body: skull, vertebrae, and rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton (lavender) Bones of the arms and legs, pelvis and shoulder blades

Structure of Bones Periosteum – tough layer of connective tissue

Structure of Bones Compact bone – dense thick layer beneath the periosteum

Structure of Bones Harvesian canals – part of the compact bone where nerves and blood vessels run through

Structure of Bones Spongy bone – at the end of long bones and in the middle of flat bones, add strength to bones

Spongy Bone

Structure of Bones Bone marrow – cavities within the bone that contain soft tissue

Bone Marrow Yellow bone marrow – cells store fat

Bone Marrow Red bone marrow – produces most types of blood cells

Active sites of red bone marrow

Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone Marrow Transplant

Bone Processes Ossification – bone formation, begins at 7 months before birth

Bone Cells Osteoblasts – secrete mineral deposits that replace cartilage in developing bones

Bone Cells Osteocyte – mature osteoblast, help maintain mineral in bones

Bone Cells Osteoclast – break down bone mineral to avoid build up

Bone Disorders Osteoporosis – weak bones due to loss of density

Osteoporosis prevention

Effects of osteoporosis

Joints – permit bone to move without damaging each other

Immovable Joints Bones that grow together until they are fused, allow no movement

Slightly Movable Joints Bones separated from each other and permit a small amount of movement

Freely Movable Joints Permit movement in two or more directions

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Hinge Joint Back and forth motion

Saddle Joint Bone can slide in two directions

Pivot Joint Bone rotate or turn around another

Joint Injuries ACL - ligament in knee prevents the tibia from shifting too far foward

ACL Injury

Joint Injuries Bursitis – inflammation due to synovial fluid build up

Bursitis

Joint Injuries Osteoarthritis – cartilage break down caused by wear and tear over the years

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis

Never Forget Your Skeleton

Muscular System Tendons – bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones

Tendonitis

Types of Muscles Skeletal muscles – usually attached to bones

Skeletal muscles

Smooth Muscle Move your internal organs

Cardiac Muscle

Types of Muscles

Voluntary Muscle Muscles you can control: skeletal muscles

Involuntary Muscle Muscles you cannot control

What does doing this help to relieve?

Answer: Relieves Headaches

Exercise and Health 1. important for good health

Exercise and Health 2. Good body tone

Exercise and Health 3. aerobic exercise – increase physical endurance

Exercise and Health 4. Bone strength – thicker and stronger and less likely to be injured

Exercise and Health 5. resistance exercise

Exercise and Health 6. Live longer

Be fit

Or be big

Integumentary System

Function of Skin - Protection a. barrier against pathogens and debris

Function of Skin - Protection b. prevents body from drying out

Function of Skin - Protection c. UV radiation

Function of Skin - Protection d. Nails protect fingers and toes

Function of the Skin 2. temperature regulation – keep enough heat in to maintain normal body temperature

Temperature Regulation Hair prevents heat loss from the head

Function of the Skin 3. Excretion – release of sweat that contains waste products

Function of the Skin 4. Sensory receptor – information gathering: pressure, heat, cold, and pain

Function of the Skin 5. Vit. D production – needed for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine

Layers of the Skin 1. Epidermis – outer layer of the skin

Epidermis a. Dead cells layer

Epidermis b. Living cells replace dead ones every 4-6 weeks

Epidermis c. Keratin (protein) – basic component of hair and nails

Epidermis d. Melanin – absorbs UV radiation

Layer of the Skin 2. Dermis – lies beneath the epidermis

Dermis a. Makes collagen

Dermis b. Contains blood vessels

Dermis c. Nerve endings

Dermis d. Sebum – oily substance to keep the epidermis waterproof; acidic to kill bacteria

Dermis e. Smooth muscle

Hair Follicles – pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis

Nails Keratin plate-like that protects the fingers and toes

Skin Problems 1. Acne – develop when sebum and dead skin cells form a plug in the hair follicle

Skin Problems 2. Hives – red welts caused by an allergic reaction to food or medicine

Skin Problems 3. Skin cancer – abnormal growth of cells in the skin

Skin Cancer a. Melanoma – most dangerous form

Skin Cancer b.

The End