1. Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular and Integumentary Systems1

2. Section Outline I. The Skeletal System
A. The Skeleton: two subdivisions: Axial and Appendicular
1. Functions
a. supports the body
b. protects internal organs (brain and internal organs
c. provides for movement (levers for muscles to act on)
d. stores minerals (calcium)
e. site for red blood cell production (produced in red marrow) 2

3. Appendicular Skeleton
The Skeletal System
Section 36-1
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Metatarsals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Pelvis
Ulna
Carpals
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals 3

4. Section Outline 1. periosteum – a tough layer of connective tissue
B. Structure of Bones - a solid network of living cells and protein fibers, surrounded by calcium mineral salts
1. periosteum – a tough layer of connective tissue
surrounding a bone
2. Haversian canals – a network of tubes running
through compact bone that carry blood vessels
3. spongy bone – strong but light bone found and the
ends of long bones, and between compact bone in ribs and skull bones
4. bone cells- three types
a. osteocytes – mature bone cells that maintain
bone structure
b. osteblasts – create new bone tissue
c. osteoclasts – break down bone
Section Outline
Section 36-1 4

5. Figure 36-3 The Structure of Bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Bone marrow
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
Artery
Vein 5

6. Section Outline Development of Bones
1. embryonic skeletons are composed of cartilage
2. cartilage is replaced by bone during embryonic
development
3. the process of replacement is called ossificaton
4. in early adulthood all the cartilage is replaced by
bone (ossification) 6

7. 1. Immovable Joints – allow no movement – skull bones
D. Types of Joints
1. Immovable Joints – allow no movement – skull bones
2. Slightly Movable Joints – allow some movement –
between bones of lower leg, and between vertebrae
3. Freely Movable Joints – movement in one or more
directions
a. ball and socket joint –movement in many
directions (shoulder and hip)
b. hinge joint – movement in one direction (knee and elbow)
c. pivot joint – one bone rotates around another
(lower arm)
d. saddle joint – bones slide in two directions
(between wrist and hand)
Section 36-1 7

8. Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Clavicle
Ball-and-socket joint
Scapula
Humerus
Humerus
Radius
Pivot joint
Ulna
Hinge Joint
Saddle Joint
Femur
Patella
Hinge joint
Tibia
Fibula
Metacarpals
Carpals
Saddle joint 8

9. Section Outline E. Structure of joints and skeletal disorders
1. ends of bones in freely moveable joints are covered
with cartilage for protection
2. the joint is surrounded by a tough joint capsule that
has two layers
a. ligaments are strips of connective tissue that hold bones together and stabilize the joint
b. the other layer produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
3. bursa are small sacs found in a joint that reduce friction and act as cushions
4. Skeletal System Disorders
a. bursitis – inflammation of the bursa
b. osteoporosis – a loss of calcium from bones which causes them to weaken
Section Outline
Section 36-1 9

10. Figure 36-5 Knee Joint Section 36-1 10 Muscle Tendon Femur Patella
Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia 10

11. Section Outline
II. Muscular System– causes movement of body parts and materials
A. Types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal – connected to the skeletal system
a. striations – alternating light and dark bands seen under a microscope
b. under voluntary nervous control
c. have many nuclei in each cell
2. smooth muscle – located in internal organs
a. no striations present
b. involuntary nervous control
3. cardiac muscle – found in the heart
a. striations present
Section 36-2 11

12. Section Outline B. Muscle Contraction
1.muscle cells are made up of 2 fibers called myofibrils
a. a thin filament called actin
b. a thick filament called myosin
2. a muscle contraction happens when actin and myosin
slide past each other
3. actin and myosin form cross bridges between them
which allows a contraction to take place
4. ATP is used to power the reactions that cause
contraction
C. Control of Muscle contractions
1.skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the nervous
system
2. a nerve ending connects to each muscle cell at a
neuromuscular junction
Section 36-2 12

13. Section Outline 3.when a nervous impulse is sent down a nerve, a
chemical is released that causes contraction to begin
a. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is
released
D. Muscle and Bone interaction
1.muscles can only contract, so they are arranged in opposing pairs
2. muscles connect to bones by connective tissue strips
called tendons
Section 36-2 13

14. Cycle Diagram 1 Myosin forms cross-bridge with actin 5 2
Myosin returns to original shape
Cross-bridge changes shape 4 3
Cross-bridge releases actic
Actin pulled 14

15. Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Section 36-2 15

16. Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Contracted Muscle
Myosin
Cross-bridges
Z line 16

17. Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Contracted Muscle
Myosin
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Cross-bridges
Z line 16

18. Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Contracted Muscle
Myosin
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
Cross-bridges
Z line 16

19. Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Contracted Muscle
Myosin
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a myosin filament attaches to a binding site on actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
The cross-bridge is broken, the myosin binds to another site on the actin filament, and the cycle begins again.
Cross-bridges
Z line 16

20. Opposing Muscle Pairs Figure 36-11 Opposing Muscle Pairs Movement
Biceps (relaxed)
Biceps (contracted)
Triceps (relaxed)
Triceps (relaxed) 17

21. III. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails and several glands
Section 36-3
III. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails and several glands
A. Functions
1. a barrier against infection and injury
2. helps regulate body temperature
3. removes waste products
4. provides protection from ultraviolet light 18

22. B. Two main layers: Epidermis and Dermis
1. epidermis – upper layer of skin
a. top layer of skin is dead, and made up of a
waterproofing protein called keratin
b. deeper layer is living and produces a dark
pigment called melanin (UV protection)
c. the epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels)
2. dermis – contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair
follicles, glands, and smooth muscle
a. blood vessels help to regulate heat loss and gain
b. glands produce sweat and oils to cool the body
and keep the skin flexible and waterproof
Section 36-3 19

23. Concept Map Skin Section 36-3 20 functions as a is made up of the
Barrier to infection
Regulator of body temperature
Remover of waste products
Protector against UV radiation
Epidermis
Dermis
which is the
which is the
Outer layer
Inner layer 20

24. Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin
Section 36-3 21

25. 5
Video 1

26. Video 2 5
Video 2