1. The Skeletal system

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Movement: Muscles work on the foundation of the bones to allow for movement.
Support: The backbone is the main support center for the upper body.
Protection: The bones of your skull protect the brain.
Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium, for use by the body.
Blood Cell Formation: Red and white blood cells are formed by marrow.

3. Two Major Parts of Skeletal System
Axial: supports the central axis of the body; includes skull, vertebral column, ribcage.
Appendicular: consists of the bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder area
*THERE ARE 206 BONES IN AN ADULT SKELETON

4. Appendicular/Axial Skeleton Labeling

5. Appendicular Skeleton Labeling

6. What are bones?
Bones: solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.

7. Bone Structure
Periosteum: tough layer of connective tissue surrounding bone
Compact bone: thick, dense layer of bone containing Haversian canals – containing blood vessels
Spongy bone: strong layer found inside compact bone
Bone Marrow: soft tissue located inside bone cavities

8. Types of Bone Marrow Yellow Marrow – made up primarily of fat cells
Red Marrow – produces red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets

9. Development of Bones
The skeleton of an embryo is composed almost entirely of cartilage
Cartilage: connective tissues with cells that are scattered in a network of protein fibers including collagen and elastin
Ossification: process of cartilage being replaced by bone
During adolescence/early adulthood, cartilage in growth plates are replaced by bone – stopping growth!

10. Joints Joint: place where one bone attaches to another
Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable

11. Types of Joints Immovable: allow for no movement
Ex. Skull
Slightly Movable: small amount of restricted movement
Ex. joint between adjacent vertebrae

12. Types of Joints
Ball-and-Socket: Round end of one bone fits snuggly into another
Ex. Shoulder and Hip

13. Types of Joints
Hinge Joint: movement at joint occurs in one direction, like a door
Ex. Knee and Elbow

14. Types of Joints
Pivot Joint: bone resting atop another bone permitting free movement
Ex. Neck, Wrist, Ankle

15. Types of Joints
Saddle Joints: permit one bone to slide in two directions
Ex. knuckles

16. Structure of Joints
Ligaments: tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Synovial Fluid: a substance that enables joints to slide over each other smoothly

17. Skeletal System Disorders
Arthritis: Inflamed/stiff joints
Osteoporosis: weakening of bones, especially in women

18. The muscular system

19. Muscular System More than 40% of the mass of a human is muscle
Muscular system includes large muscles displayed by some athletes
Muscular system also includes many tiny muscles used to help regulate blood pressure, move food, and power every movement of the body

20. Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal
Usually attached to bones
Responsible for voluntary movements: dancing, walking, typing
Referred to as striated muscle
Controlled by the central nervous system
Consists of muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

21. Skeletal Muscles Labeling

22. Types of Muscle Tissue: Smooth
Usually not under voluntary control
Found in walls of hallow structures: stomach, blood vessels, intestines
Can function without nervous system stimulation

23. Types of Muscle Tissue: Cardiac
Found in the heart ONLY!
Cells may have up to two nuclei
Is not under control of the central nervous system

24. Muscle Tissue Makeup
Myofibril: smaller structures that make up a muscle; composed of two filaments
Myosin: the name of the protein that composes the thick filament
Actin: the name of the protein that composes the thin filament

25. Muscle Contraction
A muscle contracts when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments
ATP is used to power muscle contractions
Large amounts of ATP are needed!

26. Muscle and Bone Interactions
Tendon: attaches bone to muscle
Origin: attachment of muscle to immovable bone
Insertion: attachment to bone that moves when muscle contraction
Muscles move from insertion point to origin

27. Exercise and Health
Muscle tone: result of skeletal muscles remaining in a state of partial contraction
Regular exercise is important in maintaining muscular strength
Aerobic exercise causes the body systems to become more efficient

28. Muscle Pain
Sprain: wrenching, twisting, stretching injury to a ligament
Strain: injury to muscle or tendon – often caused by overuse

29. Muscle Pain Shin splints
Shin splints is pain resulting from damage to the muscles along the shin.
Pain is felt in different areas, depending on which muscles are affected.
Shin splints represent an "overuse injury" and occur most commonly in runners.

30. The integumentary system

31. Integumentary System Functions
Barrier against infection and injury
Regulates body temperature
Removes waste products from the body
Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

32. Skin
Serves as a gateway through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the nervous system
Two main layers: epidermis, dermis
Below the dermis is a layer of fat and connective tissue to insulate the body

33. Structure of Skin

34. Skin: Epidermis
Epidermis has two parts: outside portion is made of dead cells, inside portion is made of living cells
As cells move from the inner layer towards the outer layer, they create keratin – a fibrous protein
Eventually the cells die and form a waterproof coating – skin
The outer layer of cells is shed every 4-5 weeks

35. Skin: Epidermis
Epidermis contains melanocytes – cells that produce melanin
Melanin protects skin from the damage of UV rays
Differences in skin color are due to the differences in the amount of melanin produced

36. Skin: Dermis
Dermis contains collagen, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, hair follicles
The vessels in the dermis help control body temperature: contracting and widening as needed

37. Skin: Dermis Dermis contains two types of glands:
Sweat glands: produce perspiration; sweat contains salts, water, and other compounds; sweat helps get rid of waste
Sebaceous glands: produce an oily secretion called sebum; sebum helps keep the epidermis flexible and waterproof

38. Skin Cancer Skin cancer = abnormal growth of cells in the skin
Excessive sun exposure can produce skin cancer
SPF 15 should be the minimum!!!

39. Hair and Nails Keratin forms the basic structure Hair Nails
Functions: protect surface of the body from UV; prevent dirt/particles from entering body
Hair Follicles: tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that produce hair
Nails
Nail root: area of rapidly dividing cells from which nails grow
Grow at a rate of 3mm per month