Neuroanatomy Tutorial This is the first of 3 digital resources provided to you as part of your Neuroanatomy lab for today. Please use these online tools as you see fit to complete the objectives of your. The digital movies in the next two sections can be paused, scrolled, and explored at will. Colours of the “Internal Structures” are coded to the provided sheets. At the end of the digital component of the lab, the organizers would be grateful if you could complete the quiz and feedback sheet. Questions for the quiz are found under the “Quiz” Section to the right. It is a timed quiz that we’d like you do do individually if you dare.

Objectives 3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain slices As important as the structures themselves, the relationship of each structure within the brain is important Presenting the brain in a 3D model, with the ability to stop the video, rewing, fastforward, might make it easier

CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBES The cortex region of the brain the most exterior surface. It consists of two types of matter: grey and white. It is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and several lobes each with a different primary function.

The Frontal Lobe Blue in Figures Located in the anterior portion of the cortex Function: – Ability to recognize future consequences resulting form current actions, and make movement decisions accordingly Contains Broca’s Area A P R L Superior View Superior R L Frontal View A P Superior Left View

The Temporal Lobe Green in Figure Located in the lower lateral portion of the cortex Function: – Auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory complex. Contains Wernicke’s Area Frontal View Superior R L Frontal View A P Superior Left View A P R L Superior View

The Occipital Lobe Pink in Figure Located in the posterior portion of the cortex Function: – Visual perception and is home to the primary visual cortex Left View Superior View Superior L R Posterior View A P Superior Left View A P R L Superior View

The Parietal Lobe Yellow in Figure Located in the superior aspect of the cortex Function: – Integrating sensory information perceived to determine spatial sense and navigation and consequently contains the somatosensory cortex Posterior View Superior L R Posterior View A P Superior Left View A P R L Superior View

The Insular Cortex Purple in Figure – Located within the lateral sulcus under an area called the operculum – an area of the cortex comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes overlying this area Function: – Consiousness A P Superior Left View

SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is comprised of several fissures (Grooves extending through the cotex), sulci (indents or valleys in the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges in the cortex) which work to increase the overall surface area of the cortex.

The Longitudinal Fissure Pink in Figure Also known as the interhemispheric fissure Divides the cortex into left and right hemispheres Superior L R Frontal View Superior L R Posterior View A P R L Superior View

The Central Sulcus Red in Figure Found on the exterior of the cortex Separates the primary somatosensory cortex within the parietal lobe from the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe A P R L Superior View Left View A P Superior

The Lateral Sulcus Blue in Figure Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex Separates the temporal and frontal lobes Left View A P Superior

The Calcarine Sulcus Green in Figure Found on medial and posterior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres This is the area where the primary visual cortex is concentrated Medial View A P Superior

The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus Purple in Figure Found on the medial and superior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres Separates the parietal and occipital lobes and joins the calcarine sulcus Medial View A P Superior

The Precentral Gyrus Yellow in Figure Found anterior to the cetnral sulcus within the frontal lobe Contains the primary motor cortex Function: – Plan and execute movements Left View A P Superior A P R L Superior View

The Postcentral Gyrus Pink in Figure Found posterior to the central sulcus within the parietal lobe Contains the primary somatosensory cortex Function: – Proprioception, nociception Left View A P Superior A P R L Superior View

AREAS OF LANGUAGE Left Brain Only

Broca’s Area Purple in Figure Found in the Left Frontal Lobe Involved in Language Processing, speech production and comprehension Broca’s Aphasia: – unable to create grammatically complex sentences and understand their deficit Left View A P Superior

Wernicke’s Area Green in Figure Found in the Left Parietal Lobe Wernicke’s Aphasia: – major impairment of language comprehension – can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress, but their language content is incorrect. Left View A P Superior

THE CEREBELLUM The Little Brain

Orange in Figure Located at the posterior and inferior aspect of the brain, tucked underneath the occipital lobe Function: – Fine tune motor activity through integrating input from the sensory systems – Does not initiate movement, only adjusts it to smooth it The Cerebellum Left View A P Superior L R Posterior View

INNER BRAIN STRUCTURES The Diancephalon and Brain Stem

The Thalamus Yellow in the figure Largest structure in the diancephalon Situated between the cortex and midbrain bilaterally with a small joined part in between Function: – act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex A P Superior Medial ViewLeft Oblique View

The Hypothalamus Pink in the figure Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus Contains the pituitary gland Function: – link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland A P Superior Medial ViewLeft Oblique View

The Epithalamus Red in the figure Smallest structure in the diancephalon Situated posterior to the thalamus Contains the pineal glands Function: – secretion of melatonin A P Superior Medial ViewLeft Oblique View

Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Green in Figure Situated between diancephalon and pons within the brain stem Function: – Contains the substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia Superior R L Frontal View A P Superior Medial View Left Oblique View

Pons Purple in Figure Situated between midbrain and medulla within the brainstem Function: – White mater tracts that conduct signals from the Cortex down to the cerebellum and medulla – tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus Superior R L Frontal View A P Superior Medial View Left Oblique View

Medulla Oblongata Blue in Figure Situated below the medulla within the brainstem Function: – cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers – deals with autonomic involuntary functions, such as breathing heart rate and blood pressure Superior R L Frontal View A P Superior Medial View Left Oblique View

THE VENTRICLE SYSTEM Ventricles are the cavities through which Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The ventricles have three main parts which all contribute to CSF production

Lateral Ventricles Orange in figure Located bilaterally, and are the largest component of the ventricular system Function: – CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced here passes into the 3 rd ventricle and is used for bathing and cushioning the brain and spinal cord Superior View A P Superior Medial View A P Superior View R L

Third Ventricle Purple in figure Located centrally between the two thalami Function: – Receives CSF from the lateral ventricles – Produces CSF and passes it into the 4 th ventricle via the aquaduct A P Superior Medial View A P Superior View R L

Fourth Ventricle Green in figure Located centrally as a diamond shaped projection off of the cerebral aquaduct Function: – Receives CSF from the 3 rd ventricles – Passes CSF into the subarachnoid space situated around the brain A P Superior Medial View A P Superior View R L

Cerebral white matter Commissural – Connecting the two hemispheres Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Posterior commissure

Corpus callosum

Cerebral white matter Association – Connect different areas of the hemisphere Superior longitudinal fasciculus = arcuate fasciculus – Fonrtotemporal/parietal region – Integration of speech/auditory nuclei Inferior longitudinal fasciculus – Temporal and occipital lobes Uncinate Cingulum Fornix Stria terminalis

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

Uncinate

Cingulum

Cerebral white matter Projection – Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons, spinal cord Thalamic radiation Corticospinal tracts

Thalamic projections

Left View A P Superior premotor cortex and frontal eye field somatosensory association cortex

Corpus callosum Rostrum Genu Body Splenium