1. Biology 211 Anatomy & Physiology I
The Brain

4. Human Central Nervous System
Starts as a hollow tube in the embryo;
Remains hollow & fluid-filled throughout life;
These spaces form the ventricles of the brain and the
central canal of the spinal cord.
Cranial end of this hollow tube enlarges & folds to form
brain and its various parts
Caudal end of this hollow tube does not enlarge or fold;
Develops into spinal cord

6. Embryology of nervous system

7. From lab, you should understand what adult structures form from the
myelencephalon
metenchephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon

8. Prosencephalon
Rhombencephalon

9. More terms you need to know for brain and spinal cord
Nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neuron cell bodies, their supporting glia, and unmyelinated axons & dendrites.
Nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of myelinated axons & dendrites and their supporting glia
A region of gray matter on the surface of the
brain (found only on the cerebrum and cerebellum)
A deeper region of gray mattter, surrounded
by white matter

10. Coronal Section of Brain
Cross Section of Spinal Cord

12. The brain has seven major (and many minor) regions:
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Let’s discuss each of these briefly.

13. Thalamus develops from diencephalon
Most nuclei are relay centers:
Receive sensory information
from spinal cord, other regions
of brain, eyes, ears, tongue,
nasal epithelium.
Relay that to sensory regions
of cerebral cortex
Some nuclei relay motor
information from cerebral cortex
to other regions of brain
Some nuclei regulate sleep/wakefulness

14. Hypothalamus develops from diencephalon
Some nuclei regulate body
temperature, blood pressure,
hunger, thirst, fatigue.
Some nuclei regulate endocrine
(hormone) functions by
controlling activity of pituitary
gland (to which it is
connected)

15. Midbrain develops from mesencephalon
Often still called that.
Some nuclei regulate eye
movement & visual reflexes.
Large tracts of white matter
(myelinated axons) pass
through, carrying motor
information from cerebral
motor cortex toward other
parts of brain and spinal cord.
Some nuclei modify that information to regulate motor functions.
Large tracts of white matter pass through, carrying sensory information from spinal cord toward thalamus.

16. Pons develops from metencephalon
Some nuclei relay signals
between cerebrum and
cerebellum.
Some nuclei help regulate sleep,
respiration, swallowing, taste,
hearing, bladder control,
equilibrium, eye movement,
facial expressions, facial
sensation, and posture.
Motor information from cerebral cortex (white matter) continues
toward medulla oblongata and spinal cord; sensory
information continues from the medulla oblongata and spinal
cord toward the thalamus and toward the cerebellum.

17. Cerebellum develops from metencephalon
Nuclei and cortex receive both
motor information (from
cerebral cortex and nuclei
of other parts of brain) and
sensory information spinal
cord and other parts of the
brain. Uses that information
to coordinate and fine-tune
movement, particularly timing
and precision.
White matter carries that information to and from nuclei and cortex.

18. Medulla Oblongata develops from myelencephalon
Some nuclei help regulate
respiration, heart rate, blood
pressure, blood distribution.
Other nuclei regulate vomiting,
coughing, sneezing,
swallowing.
White matter carries motor
information from other regions
of brain to spinal cord, and sensory information from spinal
cord to other regions of brain.

19. Cerebrum
Arises from the telencephalon
Consists of right and left hemispheres separated from each other by the
Each hemisphere is hollow, containing a which is lined by ependyma and filled with cerebrospinal fluid

20. Each hemisphere Includes both white matter and gray matter:
Cerebrum
Each hemisphere Includes both white matter and gray matter:
Coronal Section

21. Cerebral Cortex
Gray Matter
2 - 4 mm thick
Folded into ridges, or (singular: ) separated by
shallow grooves, or (singular = )
Different parts of brain separated by deep

22. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

23. Cerebral Cortex
Each gyrus, sulcus, and fissure has a name (more than 50 gyri & sulci)

24. Cerebral Cortex
Each gyrus, sulcus, and fissure has a name
You don't need to know all of them
You will need to know the following:
Longitudinal Fissure
Central Sulcus
Precentral Gyrus
Postcentral Gyrus
Lateral Fissure/Sulcus
Parietooccipital Sulcus

25. Cerebral Cortex
Different regions of the cortex have specific functions
Three types of functional areas:
Motor
Sensory
Association

26. Cerebral Cortex
Different regions of the cortex have specific functions
From your reading and lab exercises, you should know the functions of the following areas and where they are located:
Primary somatosensory area
Somatosensory association area
Primary motor area
Motor association area
Primary visual area
Visual association cortex
Primary auditory area
Auditory association area
Questions on these may be on lecture and/or lab exams

27. Cerebral Cortex
Different regions of the cortex have specific functions
Two regions of cortex important in language:
deals with formation of speech
deals with recognition and interpretation of speech
Both located primarily on
just one hemisphere
(usually the left).
Similar regions on other hemisphere control emotional content of speech.

28. Gray matter forms both:
Cerebrum
Recall::
Gray matter forms both:
Cortex
Basal Nuclei
Coronal Section

29. Cerebral Nuclei
Not shown:
Basal or Deep or Cerebral Nuclei

30. From your reading and lab exercises, you should also know the locations of the
- Lateral ventricles
- Interventricular
foramen
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Mesencephalic
aquaduct
- Median aperture
- Lateral apertures
Questions on these may be on lecture and/or lab exams

31. Brain is surrounded by three layers of connective tissue:
(Skull)
Space
Mater

32. The brain is protected in three ways:1) 2)
3) Floats in

33. Cerebrospinal fluid produced within ventricles by specialized tissue called
Flows toward fourth ventricle
Exits from fourth ventricle through three openings (apertures or foramina) into the subarachnoid space.
Two
Surrounds brain & spinal cord.
Reabsorbed into blood
through arachnoid villi on surface of brain