Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: synarthroses: (immovable) amphiarthroses: (slightly moveable)
Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable)
Gliding and Condyloid
Hinge and Saddle
Pivot and Ball&Socket
Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: Flexibility Stability synarthroses: amphiarthroses: diarthroses:
Joint Architecture Classification of Joints: diarthroses or synovial: (freely movable) characterized by: articular cartilage – articular capsule – Synovial fluid bursae
Articular fibrocartilage: soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones Functions of articular fibrocartilage? distributing loads over joint surfaces improving the limiting protecting the joint periphery lubricating the joint absorbing shock at the joint
Joint Architecture Articular connective tissues tendons - connect ligaments -connect
Ligaments and Tendons primarily what fiber type?
Arrangement dictates type of load strength
Stress/strain of bone vs ligament
Can ligaments and tendons be strengthened?
Joint Stability What is joint stability? ability of a joint to
Joint Stability What factors increase joint stability? a closely reciprocating match of the articulating bone surfaces (stability is maximal when joints are in the ) a strong array of crossing the joint absence of muscle fatigue
Increased joint stability
Joint Flexibility What is joint flexibility? ability of joints to go through full ROM in range of motion (ROM) - the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction
Joint Flexibility What factors influence joint flexibility?
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit? Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists
Golgi Tendon Organ
GTO
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What sensory receptors influence the extensibility of the musculotendinous unit? Golgi tendon organs - inhibit tension in muscle & initiate tension development in antagonists muscle spindles - provoke reflex contraction in stretched muscle & inhibit tension in antagonists
Muscle spindle
Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare? Location Within tendons near the Interspersed among muscle-tendon junction muscle fibers in parallel in series with muscle fibers with the fibers Stimulus Increase in muscle tension Increase in muscle length Response 1) Inhibits tension develop- 1) Initiates rapid contract- ment in stretched muscle, ion of stretched muscle 2) Initiates tension develop- 2) Inhibits tension develop- ment in antagonist ment in antagonist muscles muscles Overall Effect Promotes stretch in muscle Inhibits stretch in muscle being stretched being stetched
Golgi Tendon Organs and Muscle Spindles: How do they Compare? Location Within tendons near the Interspersed among muscle-tendon junction muscle fibers in parallel in series with muscle fibers with the fibers Stimulus Increase in muscle tension Increase in muscle length Response 1) Inhibits tension develop- 1) Initiates rapid contract- ment in stretched muscle, ion of stretched muscle 2) Initiates tension develop- 2) Inhibits tension develop- ment in antagonist ment in antagonist muscles muscles Overall Effect Promotes stretch in muscle Inhibits stretch in muscle being stretched being stetched
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility active stretching- produced by active development of tension in the passive stretching - produced by a force other than tension in the opposing muscles
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility ballistic stretching- a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches static stretching - maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time-usually about 30 seconds
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility What is PNF? Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched