Do not make copies of this material or print out on your computer. Test Bank Unit 1 Do not make copies of this material or print out on your computer.
1. Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as: A. Curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history. B. An antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the church. C. An artistic style that portrayed the deprived state of human beings. D. A philosophical movement that emphasized the movement of nature. E. A religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience.
1. Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as: A. Curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history. B. An antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the church. C. An artistic style that portrayed the deprived state of human beings. D. A philosophical movement that emphasized the movement of nature. E. A religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience.
4. Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following ? A. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct B. the conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women C. education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women D. the new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs E. political rights should be extended to all men
4. Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following ? A. the fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct B. the conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women C. education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women D. the new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs E. political rights should be extended to all men
6. The political strength of the Medici Family in Florence was initially based on: A. close alliance with the papacy B. The influence and wealth of their banks C. the support of the lower classes D. the support of a powerful citizen militia E. their tenure in various municipal offices
6. The political strength of the Medici Family in Florence was initially based on: A. close alliance with the papacy B. The influence and wealth of their banks C. the support of the lower classes D. the support of a powerful citizen militia E. their tenure in various municipal offices
A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici 9. “You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you desire the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life…If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints.” The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following? A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici C. Erasmus of Rotterdam D. Leonardo di Vinci E. Niccolo Machiavelli
A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici 9. “You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you desire the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life…If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints.” The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following? A. Henry VIII of England B. Catherine de Medici C. Erasmus of Rotterdam D. Leonardo di Vinci E. Niccolo Machiavelli
10.Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth century Italy? A. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility. B.A strong unified Italian monarchy C. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies D. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development E. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors who were competing for influence
10.Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth century Italy? A. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility. B.A strong unified Italian monarchy C. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies D. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development E. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors who were competing for influence
12.Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance? Interest in science and technology. Greater concern with religious piety. Cultivation of a Latin style. Use of national languages in literature. Admiration for scholastic thought
12.Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance? Interest in science and technology. Greater concern with religious piety. Cultivation of a Latin style. Use of national languages in literature. Admiration for scholastic thought
18. Italian Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from: A. religious asceticism B. classical languages and literature C. the curricula of medieval universities D. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire E. the ideas of Dante’s Inferno
18. Italian Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from: A. religious asceticism B. classical languages and literature C. the curricula of medieval universities D. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire E. the ideas of Dante’s Inferno
23. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? A. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanist viewed human nature as generally good. D. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters. E. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
23. Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? A. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanist viewed human nature as generally good. D. both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters. E. both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
24. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier (1528) was intended as: A. a collection of entertaining travel stories B. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula C. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette E. an allegory of courtly love
24. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier (1528) was intended as: A. a collection of entertaining travel stories B. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula C. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette E. an allegory of courtly love
27. Trade in the 1300s declined markedly as a result of: A. numerous wet summers B. the Black Death C. the Hundred Years’ War D. all of the above
27. Trade in the 1300s declined markedly as a result of: A. numerous wet summers B. the Black Death C. the Hundred Years’ War D. all of the above
28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the Renaissance? A. during the Renaissance the economy of western Europe changed from one based on barter to one based on money B. women gained significant prestige and individual rights C. the uncovering of classical works both helped and hindered scientific development D. leading artists such as Dueler, Michelangelo, and da Vinci brought the visual arts to a new height
28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the Renaissance? A. during the Renaissance the economy of western Europe changed from one based on barter to one based on money B. women gained significant prestige and individual rights C. the uncovering of classical works both helped and hindered scientific development D. leading artists such as Dueler, Michelangelo, and da Vinci brought the visual arts to a new height
29. But 1500 the leading patrons of intellectual and artistic pursuits were: A. clergymen B. the feudal nobility C. monarchs D. the wealthy bourgeois (merchants)
29. But 1500 the leading patrons of intellectual and artistic pursuits were: A. clergymen B. the feudal nobility C. monarchs D. the wealthy bourgeois (merchants)
30. The most important invention of the Renaissance was the: A. compass B. astrolabe C. printing press D. chronometer
30. The most important invention of the Renaissance was the: A. compass B. astrolabe C. printing press D. chronometer
31. Through their studies the humanists came to hold in highest esteem the values of: A. the medieval church B. classical antiquity C. the scientists D. the Protestant Revolution
31. Through their studies the humanists came to hold in highest esteem the values of: A. the medieval church B. classical antiquity C. the scientists D. the Protestant Revolution
32. The first major writer to embody a number of the characteristics of the Renaissance was: A. Petrarch B. Dante Alighieri C. Villehardouin D. Giovanni Boccaccio
32. The first major writer to embody a number of the characteristics of the Renaissance was: A. Petrarch B. Dante Alighieri C. Villehardouin D. Giovanni Boccaccio
33. A group of Florentines, gathered in a country villa to escape the Black Death, tell earthy and entertaining tales in Boccaccio’s: A. the Decameron B. Colloquies C. In Praise of Folly D.The Canterbury Tales
33. A group of Florentines, gathered in a country villa to escape the Black Death, tell earthy and entertaining tales in Boccaccio’s: A. the Decameron B. Colloquies C. In Praise of Folly D. The Canterbury Tales
34. His fame rests upon his demonstration that the so-called Donation of Constantine was a forgery: A. Pico della Mirandola B. Lorenzo Valla C. Erasmus D. Cosimo de’Medici
34. His fame rests upon his demonstration that the so-called Donation of Constantine was a forgery: A. Pico della Mirandola B. Lorenzo Valla C. Erasmus D. Cosimo de’Medici
35. The “Prince of Humanists,” his works diminished the importance of the clergy and undermined the Catholic Church: A. Francois Rabelais B. Aldus Manutius C. William Harvey D. Desiderius Erasmus
35. The “Prince of Humanists,” his works diminished the importance of the clergy and undermined the Catholic Church: A. Francois Rabelais B. Aldus Manutius C. William Harvey D. Desiderius Erasmus
36. “In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What thou Will.” This passage described Gargantua and Pantagruel, who were the literary creations of: A. Galen B. Josquin des Pres C. Caravaggio D. Rabelais
36. “In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What thou Will.” This passage described Gargantua and Pantagruel, who were the literary creations of: A. Galen B. Josquin des Pres C. Caravaggio D. Rabelais
37. The Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages in all the following ways EXCEPT: A. chivalry was held in high esteem by the people of the Renaissance B. Scholasticism was despised and regarded as stupid by Renaissance scholars C. the medieval concept of profit was ridiculed during the Renaissance D. medieval collectivism gave way to rapid egotism during the Renaissance E. the Renaissance bean to regard the universe as much more infinite than had the scientists of the Middle Ages
37. The Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages in all the following ways EXCEPT: A. chivalry was held in high esteem by the people of the Renaissance B. Scholasticism was despised and regarded as stupid by Renaissance scholars C. the medieval concept of profit was ridiculed during the Renaissance D. medieval collectivism gave way to rapid egotism during the Renaissance E. the Renaissance bean to regard the universe as much more infinite than had the scientists of the Middle Ages
38. All of the following reasons as to why the Renaissance began in Italy are correct EXCEPT: A. a stronger classical tradition than any other western area B. Italian cities were the main beneficiaries of the revival of trade with the eastern Mediterranean C. the essentially amoral attitude of the Italian people D. it received the full impact of the Byzantine and Saracenic culture E. it was the center of the Roman Catholic Church
38. All of the following reasons as to why the Renaissance began in Italy are correct EXCEPT: A. a stronger classical tradition than any other western area B. Italian cities were the main beneficiaries of the revival of trade with the eastern Mediterranean C. the essentially amoral attitude of the Italian people D. it received the full impact of the Byzantine and Saracenic culture E. it was the center of the Roman Catholic Church
39. Which of these events most clearly signaled the end of Italy’s reign as the leading cultural center of the Renaissance? A. the Pazzi Conspiracy and the fall of the Medici bank B. the invention of moveable type and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible C. the sack of Rome by Emperor Charles V D. the publication of Erasmus’ In Praise of Folly E. the discovery of the New World by Columbus and others.
39. Which of these events most clearly signaled the end of Italy’s reign as the leading cultural center of the Renaissance? A. the Pazzi Conspiracy and the fall of the Medici bank B. the invention of moveable type and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible C. the sack of Rome by Emperor Charles V D. the publication of Erasmus’ In Praise of Folly E. the discovery of the New World by Columbus and others
A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes 40. One characteristic that distinguished the Italian from the Northern Renaissance was that in the north, humanists: A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes B. supported the middle class rather than the nobility C. condemned innovations in art D. attacked religion directly E. denied any link between painting and literature
40. One characteristic that distinguished the Italian from the Northern Renaissance was that in the north, humanists: A. emphasized Christian ideals and Biblical themes B. supported the middle class rather than the nobility C. condemned innovations in art D. attacked religion directly E. denied any link between painting and literature
41. Which was NOT true of Italian city-states during the Renaissance? A. the upper classes demonstrated a “worldly” outlook B. their governments promoted the movement for Italian unification C. their ruling elite shared a nostalgia for Roman antiquity D. they undertook massive building programs to demonstrate their wealth and to provide employment for workers E. only a small percentage of inhabitants enjoyed political rights.
41. Which was NOT true of Italian city-states during the Renaissance? A. the upper classes demonstrated a “worldly” outlook B. their governments promoted the movement for Italian unification C. their ruling elite shared a nostalgia for Roman antiquity D. they undertook massive building programs to demonstrate their wealth and to provide employment for workers E. only a small percentage of inhabitants enjoyed political rights.
42. As an observer of sixteenth century Italian society, Machiavelli was most concerned with: A. the artistic accomplishments of the several Italian city-states B. the legacy of Renaissance culture C. now power works D. international relations and the growth of the “new monarchies” E. improved trade among the city-states
42. As an observer of sixteenth century Italian society, Machiavelli was most concerned with: A. the artistic accomplishments of the several Italian city-states B. the legacy of Renaissance culture C. now power works D. international relations and the growth of the “new monarchies” E. improved trade among the city-states
43. All of the following were dominant ideals of the Renaissance EXCEPT: A. other world concerns (death and salvation) B. secularism C. individualism D. optimism E. humanism
43. All of the following were dominant ideals of the Renaissance EXCEPT: A. other world concerns (death and salvation) B. secularism C. individualism D. optimism E. humanism
44. “Renaissance” means rebirth of the ideals and achievements of: A. Egypt and the Nile Valley B. Mesopotamia and the Crescent C. Greece and Rome D. the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire E. India and China
44. “Renaissance” means rebirth of the ideals and achievements of: A. Egypt and the Nile Valley B. Mesopotamia and the Crescent C. Greece and Rome D. the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire E. India and China
45. All of the following are contributions of the fifteenth-century humanists EXCEPT: A. They helped to bring about standardization of spelling and grammar. B. They promoted the study of history as useful for obtaining examples of God’s saving providence. C.They began to elevate the position of man D.They restored a mastery Greek in the west. E. They stimulated the systematic investigation of other languages.
45. All of the following are contributions of the fifteenth-century humanists EXECPT: A. They helped to bring about standardization of spelling and grammar. B. They promoted the study of history as useful for obtaining examples of God’s saving providence. C.They began to elevate the position of man D.They restored a mastery Greek in the west. E. They stimulated the systematic investigation of other languages.
56. Florentine economic vitality rested primarily on banking and The wine industry Overseas trade The wool industry Mining and agriculture
56. Florentine economic vitality rested primarily on banking and The wine industry Overseas trade The wool industry Mining and agriculture
57. The Italian urban nobility were united by all of the following EXCEPT: kinship antagonism with the rural nobility economic interests Social connections
57. The Italian urban nobility were united by all of the following EXCEPT: kinship antagonism with the rural nobility economic interests Social connections
58. All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula EXCEPT: A. the Papal states B. Florence C. Paris D. Venice
58. All of the following were among the Italian powers that dominated the peninsula EXCEPT: A. the Papal states B. Florence C. Paris D. Venice
59. Which of the following was true of the Italian popolo? Established democracies in the Italian city-states Desired government offices and equality of taxation Were never able to influence Italian politics Controlled the wool industry
59. Which of the following was true of the Italian popolo? Established democracies in the Italian city-states Desired government offices and equality of taxation Were never able to influence Italian politics Controlled the wool industry
60. By 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or: Kings Oligarchies Elected assemblies Ecclesiastical princes
60. By 1300, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by either signori or: Kings Oligarchies Elected assemblies Ecclesiastical princes
61. Which of the following was true of Italian balance-of-power diplomacy? Was designed to prevent a single Italian city-state from dominating the peninsula Successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy Was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy Was critical to the economic success of Italy
61. Which of the following was true of Italian balance-of-power diplomacy? Was designed to prevent a single Italian city-state from dominating the peninsula Successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy Was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy Was critical to the economic success of Italy
62. The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was: The product of the invaders’ overwhelming superiority The result of the economic collapse of Italy Inevitable The result of the Italians’ failure to coordinate a common defense
62. The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was: The product of the invaders’ overwhelming superiority The result of the economic collapse of Italy Inevitable The result of the Italians’ failure to coordinate a common defense
64. The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components: Christian humility A concern for the improvement of society in general A glorification of individual genius The attempt to use are to educate the urban masses
64. The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components: Christian humility A concern for the improvement of society in general A glorification of individual genius The attempt to use are to educate the urban masses
65. Italian humanists stressed the Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature Study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God Absolute authority of classical texts Role of the church on the reform of society
65. Italian humanists stressed the Study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature Study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God Absolute authority of classical texts Role of the church on the reform of society
66. The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the: Decline of religious feeling Political disunity of Italy Rise of a wealthy, urban business elite Creation of powerful, centralized monarchies
66. The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the: Decline of religious feeling Political disunity of Italy Rise of a wealthy, urban business elite Creation of powerful, centralized monarchies
67. Alberti’s autobiography, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” reveals all f the following EXCEPT: Renaissance individuals’ quest for knowledge The role of women in Renaissance society The various skills expected of Renaissance individuals The Renaissance belief in the individual
67. Alberti’s autobiography, excerpted in “Listening to the Past,” reveals all f the following EXCEPT: Renaissance individuals’ quest for knowledge The role of women in Renaissance society The various skills expected of Renaissance individuals The Renaissance belief in the individual
68. The leaders of the Catholic church: Ignored the Renaissance Attempted to crush the secularism of the renaissance Readily adopted the Renaissance spirit Used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform
68. The leaders of the Catholic church: Ignored the Renaissance Attempted to crush the secularism of the renaissance Readily adopted the Renaissance spirit Used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform
69. Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art Because it was good for business In order to please God To glorify themselves and their families To control unemployment
69. Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art Because it was good for business In order to please God To glorify themselves and their families To control unemployment
70. Renaissance culture was Enjoyed by most Europeans Rejected by the church for its secularism That of a small, urban, business elite limited to the Italian peninsula
70. Renaissance culture was Enjoyed by most Europeans Rejected by the church for its secularism That of a small, urban, business elite limited to the Italian peninsula
71. According to Machiavelli, the the sole test of “good” government was whether it Provided the necessary public services Was based on Christian morality Protected the liberty of its citizens Was effective
71. According to Machiavelli, the the sole test of “good” government was whether it Provided the necessary public services Was based on Christian morality Protected the liberty of its citizens Was effective
72. The ultimate significance of Machiavelli’s work rests on two concepts: that politics is a science and: The inevitability of the establishment of one permanent social order Government should provide justice for its citizens That one permanent social order, reflecting God’s will, cannot be established That all politics must be amoral
72. The ultimate significance of Machiavelli’s work rests on two concepts: that politics is a science and: Government should provide justice for its citizens That one permanent social order, reflecting God’s will, cannot be established The inevitability of the establishment of one permanent social order That all politics must be amoral
73. The invention of movable type led to all of the following EXCEPT: Increased literacy The use of government propaganda The growth of national loyalties The use of French as the language of polite society
73. The invention of movable type led to all of the following EXCEPT: Increased literacy The use of government propaganda The growth of national loyalties The use of French as the language of polite society
74. In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that: Men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits The status of women had improved since the Middle Ages Men and men alone should act in the public sphere Women have equal opportunity in marital and extra-marital relations
74. In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that: Men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits The status of women had improved since the Middle Ages Men and men alone should act in the public sphere Women have equal opportunity in marital and extra-marital relations
75. For ordinary women, the Renaissance: Had very little impact Improved the material conditions of their lives Worsened their status Allowed them to access education for the first time
75. For ordinary women, the Renaissance: Had very little impact Improved the material conditions of their lives Worsened their status Allowed them to access education for the first time
76. Thomas More’s Utopia placed the blame for society’s problems on: Human nature God’s will Society itself The individual
76. Thomas More’s Utopia placed the blame for society’s problems on: Human nature God’s will Society itself The individual
77. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was: Education Control of the papacy A pious life The concerted effort which only a strong state could afford
77. According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was: Education Control of the papacy A pious life The concerted effort which only a strong state could afford
78. Gargantua and Pantagruel indicates all of the following about Rabelais except that he: Disliked hypocritical clergy, pedantic academics, and pompous lawyers Believed institutions molded individuals Believed in educational reform Preferred sophisticated wit and intellectual cleverness
78. Gargantua and Pantagruel indicates all of the following about Rabelais except that he: Disliked hypocritical clergy, pedantic academics, and pompous lawyers Believed institutions molded individuals Believed in educational reform Preferred sophisticated wit and intellectual cleverness
79. The term “international style” refers to: Italian balance-of-power diplomacy The use of movable-type-printing in Europe The spread of artistic techniques and ideals The tactics of the centralizing monarchs
79. The term “international style” refers to: Italian balance-of-power diplomacy The use of movable-type-printing in Europe The spread of artistic techniques and ideals The tactics of the centralizing monarchs
80. The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the: Peasantry Nobility Bourgeoisie Urban workers
80. The social group that most often resisted the centralizing efforts of the “new monarchs” was the: Peasantry Nobility Bourgeoisie Urban workers
81. The policies of the “new monarchs” of the 15th century were usually: Copied from Machiavelli Innovations A combination of traditional and innovative practices Based on Augustinian political theory
81. The policies of the “new monarchs” of the 15th century were usually: Copied from Machiavelli Innovations A combination of traditional and innovative practices Based on Augustinian political theory
82. All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France EXCEPT: Reform of the royal council Redistribution of feudal lands Reform of the judiciary A permanent royal army
82. All of the following were aspects of the centralizing efforts of Charles VII of France EXCEPT: Reform of the royal council Redistribution of feudal lands Reform of the judiciary A permanent royal army
83. The Concordat of Bologna: Asserted the superiority of a general council over the Pope Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars Institutionalized the French king’s control of the French church Established the French Estates General
83. The Concordat of Bologna: Asserted the superiority of a general council over the Pope Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars Institutionalized the French king’s control of the French church Established the French Estates General
84. In order to undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, English kings: Used their own financial resources Appealed directly to their subjects for tax monies Borrowed heavily from Italian bankers to meet their needs Augmented the ranks of the aristocracy with loyal henchmen
84. In order to undercut the power that the aristocracy exercised through its control of Parliament, English kings: Used their own financial resources Appealed directly to their subjects for tax monies Borrowed heavily from Italian bankers to meet their needs Augmented the ranks of the aristocracy with loyal henchmen
85. The Star Chamber: Dealt with noble threats to royal power in England Was dominated by the great nobles in England Was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition Dealt with the finances of the English government
85. The Star Chamber: Dealt with noble threats to royal power in England Was dominated by the great nobles in England Was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition Dealt with the finances of the English government
86. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by: Reforming the church Promoting peace and social order Restricting the wages of the working class Lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry
86. The Tudors won the support of the upper middle class by: Reforming the church Promoting peace and social order Restricting the wages of the working class Lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry
87. The “new Christians” of Spain were deeply resented for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Their role as tax collectors and money lenders Their excessive influence in government and administration Their prominence in commerce, medicine, and law Their control of the Inquisition
87. The “new Christians” of Spain were deeply resented for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Their role as tax collectors and money lenders Their excessive influence in government and administration Their prominence in commerce, medicine, and law Their control of the Inquisition
88. Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT: The revival of the hermandades The retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms The restructuring of the royal council Control of the church hierarchy
88. Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT: The revival of the hermandades The retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms The restructuring of the royal council Control of the church hierarchy
89. Justification for the attacks on the “new Christians” in Spain was based on: The insincerity of the Jews who converted to Christianity Early teachings that Jews could not become Christians Racial arguments that maintained Jews could be nothing but Jews The belief that the “new Christians” had not renounced Islam
89. Justification for the attacks on the “new Christians” in Spain was based on: The insincerity of the Jews who converted to Christianity Early teachings that Jews could not become Christians Racial arguments that maintained Jews could be nothing but Jews The belief that the “new Christians” had not renounced Islam