Ch. 10 Life Span Development

1.Methods in Developmental Psychology A.Cross-sectional Study Studying people of different ages at the same point in time B.Longitudinal study Studying the same group over time C.Cohort A group of people born during the same period in historical time. D.Biographical or Retrospective Study Reconstruct past Click here to view the Advantages and Disadvantages table Click here to view the Advantages and Disadvantages table

2.Prenatal Development A.Embryo Before three months B.Fetus 3 months after conception and to birth C.Placenta Connects fetus to mother Brings oxygen and nutrients Takes away wastes

D.Critical period Time when influences have major effect ETerotogens Substances that can damage an embryo or fetus F.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, cognitive impairments

Disease-producing organisms and substances the mother eats, drinks, or inhales can pass through the placenta and, at critical periods, do major harm to the fetus.

3.The Newborn Baby A.Reflexes Rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, stepping B.Temperament Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, shy Temperament may predict later disposition C.The Perceptual Abilities of Infants Vision Clear for 8-10 inches Good vision by 6 months Depth perception Visual cliff research Other senses

4.Infancy and Childhood A. Physical Development Growth in spurts (1 inch overnight) B. Motor Development Maturation Developmental norms Training doesn’t cause early development

Growth of the body is most rapid during the first year, when it can occur in startling spurts. It then slows down until early adolescence. During the prenatal period and the first 2 years of life, the head grows rapidly. The body does most of the growing from then on.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development C.Cognitive Development Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years) Object permanence Movie Clip #1 Movie Clip #2 Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Egocentric Concrete Operations (7-11 years) Principles of conservation Movie Clip #1 Movie Clip #2 Formal Operations (11-15 years) Understand abstract ideas Movie Clip #1 Movie Clip #2 Criticisms of Piaget's theory Click here to view the Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development table Click here to view the Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development table

D.Moral Development Preconventional (preadolescence) Avoid punishment Conventional (adolescence) Pleasing others, good citizen Postconventional Justice, equality

E.Language Development Babbling Make the sounds of all languages Holophrases One word is used to mean a whole sentence Theories of language development Reward Language acquisition device Bilingualism and the development of a second language Critical periods in language development

F.Social Development Parent-child relationships in infancy: Development of attachment Imprinting Attachment Autonomy Socialization

Parent-child relationships in childhood Authoritarian Dictator Permissive No rules Authoritative Structure but not controlling

Relationships with other children Solitary play Parallel play Cooperative play Peer group

Sex-role development Gender identity Sense of being a boy or girl Gender constancy Child realizes that gender cannot change Gender-role awareness Knowing appropriate behavior Gender stereotypes Beliefs about presumed characteristics Sex-typed behavior Socially defined ways to behave

5.Adolescence A.Physical Changes Growth spurt Sexual development Puberty Menarche Early and late developers Adolescent sexual activity Teenage pregnancy

B.Cognitive Changes Imaginary audience Everyone else is focused on them Personal fable Unrealistic sense of self-importance Invulnerability Nothing can harm them

C.Personality and Social Development How "stormy and stressful" is adolescence? Forming an identity Achievement Foreclosure Moratorium Diffusion Relationships with peers -Cliques Relationships with parents

D.Some Problems of Adolescence Declines in self-esteem Depression and suicide Increased 600% since 1950

6.Adulthood A.Love, Partnerships, and Parenting Forming partnerships Parenthood Ending a relationship B.The World of Work Dual-career families Quality important Children in dual-career families

C.Cognitive Changes Thinking is more flexible and practical D.Personality Changes Less self-centered, better coping skills Crises E.The "Change of Life" Menopause

7.Late Adulthood A.Physical Changes Response to change important B.Social Development Independent and satisfying lifestyles

C.Cognitive Changes Use it or lose it D.Facing the End of Life Stages of dying - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Age Pyramid

The End