Which answer puts the steps of the scientific method in the correct order to solve a problem? If the problem was the yeast, then the bread should rise when I use the new yeast. Maybe the yeast that I used had gone bad. I will remake the bread using a new jar of yeast. The bread did not rise. On my second attempt the bread did rise so it is likely that the old yeast was bad. DACBE DBACE DABCE DBCAE Answer: 2 Observation: D Hypothesis: B Prediction: A Test: C Conclusion supports my hypothesis: E
Which answer below is a hypothesis for the validity of echinacea? Does echinacea reduce the duration and symptoms of the common cold? Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. If echinacea acts as above, then patients treated with echinacea at the first sign of cold symptoms should recover faster than untreated patients. None of the above. Answer: 1 is a question 2 is a hypothesis and the correct answer 3 is a prediction based on that hypothesis 2
Which answer below would strengthen your experimental design? Use a large sample size with a control. Use a small sample size and only look at the affects on men. Use a large sample size and don’t worry about any control—its irrelevant. Use a large sample size. No truly correct answer depending on the drug you picked. This slide is meant to add to discussion. Probably answer 1 is the best answer if you are talking about an over- the-counter medication. You would want a large sample size that includes many different kinds of people. You may want to bring up the point that some studies only use men or Caucasians and the effects of a drug may be different in women or African Americans/Asians/Latinos.
When you eat a candy bar you are eating mostly simple sugars When you eat a candy bar you are eating mostly simple sugars. If you eat a candy bar while watching a movie, how will your body utilize those sugars? All of the sugars will be used immediately by your working muscles. The sugars will likely be stored as glycogen. The sugars will likely be stored as fat. Both 2 and 3 are correct. Answer 4 is the best answer. Because you are not very physically active while eating the candy bar, the excess energy will most likely be stored as glycogen and fat. 4
Which food below will maintain high blood sugar levels for the longest period of time? Candy bar Honey Apple Potatoes Answer 4 has the most complex carbs. Apples are primarily fructose…a simple sugar.
hydrophobic; hydrophilic acidic; basic hydrophilic; hydrophobic Answer: 4 In making a homemade salad dressing you mix olive oil, vinegar, and water together. You notice when you add the vinegar to the water it mixes immediately. When you add the olive oil it floats on top of the solution. The vinegar is ____________ and the oil is ____________. hydrophobic; hydrophilic acidic; basic hydrophilic; hydrophobic basic; acidic 6
The orientation of the covalent bonds are different. Answer: 1 The polysaccharides starch and cellulose are both made of glucose. Why can’t the enzyme salivary amylase breakdown both? The orientation of the covalent bonds are different. The active site of the enzyme cannot bind to glucose. The enzyme cannot digest cellulose at normal body temperatures (32oC). The covalent bonds in cellulose are stronger than in amylose. 7
Lactase cannot function properly in this example because the…. Answer: 4. The protein is misspelled and thus does not have the correct shape! Lactase cannot function properly in this example because the…. shape is incorrect. amino acid sequence is incorrect. color is incorrect. 1 and 2 8
What is the complimentary strand to this strand: CCCCTTAGGAACC? Answer: 3 What is the complimentary strand to this strand: CCCCTTAGGAACC? CCCCTTAGGAACC GGGGTTAGGAACC GGGGAATCCTTGG GGTTCCTAAGGCC 9
Answer: 4 Which sequence below is the RNA synthesized from the DNA sequence below: CCCCTTAGGAACC GGGGAATCCTTGG CCCCTTAGGAACC GGUUCCUAAGGGG GGGGAAUACCUUGG 10
Which component of a DNA macromolecule will dictate instructions to the cell? The order of sugars (deoxyribose) in the DNA. The order of phosphates in the DNA. The order of bases (A,G,T,C) in a DNA. All of the above 3
Which answer below will base pair with the DNA sequence below Which answer below will base pair with the DNA sequence below? TAT TAG TAG GTTA ATAATCATCCAAT AUAAUCAUCCAAU ATTGGATGATTAT TATTAGTAGGTTA 1
Which answer below represents the mRNA strand copied from the DNA strand below? TAT TAG TAG GTT UAU UAC UAC CUU AUA AUC AUC CAA ATT GGA TGA TTA ATA ATC ATC CAA 2
Which gene would you expect to be expressed in a brain cell but not in the cells of the liver? Alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol breakdown) N-Cam (neural cell adhesion molecule) RNA polymerase (transcription) DNA polymerase (DNA replication) 2
Which feature below is not found in a prokaryote? Plasma membrane Nucleus Ribosomes Cell wall Flagellum Answer: 2
Why does oil not mix with water but instead spontaneously forms spheres? The oil is maximizing the amount of surface exposed to water. The oil is hydrophobic and the water is hydrophilic The oil becoming less hydrophobic. The oil is becoming more hydrophobic. Answer: 2
Which statement is false about the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid? They are hydrophobic. They cannot interact with ions (Na+, K+). Small molecules like oxygen can slip between them. They interact with water. Answer: 4
Which arrow indicates a protein or part of a protein that is hydrophobic? Arrow A Arrow B Arrow C Arrow D A B Answer: C C D
Facilitated transport Active transport Simple diffusion A normal cell has a high concentration of potassium on the inside and a low concentration of potassium on the outside. Also, a normal cell has a low concentration of sodium on the inside and a high concentration on the outside. Yet, the net movement of potassium is into the cell and the net movement of sodium is out of the cell. What type of transport is involved? Osmosis Facilitated transport Active transport Simple diffusion Secondary active transport Answer: 3
Which statement about mitochondria is false? Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. Mitochondria make energy of the cell (ATP). You inherited half of your mitochondria from your mother. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animals cells Answer: 3 20
Which cell type contains the most mitochondria per cell? Liver Muscle White blood cell Dermal cell White adipose cell Red blood cell Answer: 1 21
Almost all eukaryotic organisms derive energy directly or indirectly from the sun. Therefore, which organelle is the most important for life as we know it? Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Chloroplast Mitochondria Answer: 1 22
Plants convert the energy of the sun into covalent bonds in carbohydrates using a process called ________. Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Fermentation Carbon fixation Answer: 1
Given that every energy conversion is inefficient, which type of food below would feed the most people? Steak Fish Rice Ice cream Answer: 3 (least energy lost because fewer conversions between sun and us eating it!)
UV light can damage the DNA in your cells, while visible light cannot UV light can damage the DNA in your cells, while visible light cannot. Why? UV light has a longer wavelength than visible light. The wavelength of UV light is within the visible spectrum. UV light contains more energy than visible light. UV light contains less energy than visible light. Answer: 3
Answer: 5. Both 1 and 2 are high potential energy Answer: 5. Both 1 and 2 are high potential energy. Answer 3 has low potential energy. Review: Which answer is an example of a molecule with high potential energy? ATP NADP+ H2O Both 1 and 3 26
Answer: 3. Calvin cycle fixes carbon allowing for the synthesis of organic macromolecules. What component of photosynthesis is directly responsible for the increased weight of the plant? Photosystem 1 providing ATP Photosystem 2 providing NADPH Calvin Cycle fixing carbon 1 and 2 27
Reminder: The energy used by plants and animals ultimately came from… Answer: 3 Reminder: The energy used by plants and animals ultimately came from… Food Soil Sun Air 28
Answer: 4 (all of the above) Ans 1. Based on the activity: low levels of glucose would mean that your mitochondria would not be able to make enough ATP to support high activity levels. Ans 2. Question in the book mentions that people with malfunctioning mitochondria always feel fatigued. Ans 3. Red blood cells carry oxygen which is essential for electron transport chain function, therefore low levels of oxygen would decrease energy levels and lead to fatigue. Which answer below might decrease your energy levels and make you feel fatigue easily? Low levels of glucose in your blood (need to eat) Malfunctioning mitochondria due to a genetic disorder Low levels of oxygen in the air All of the above 29
Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Why? Answer: 3 Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Why? The mitochondria also synthesize sugars. The mitochondria are used to convert oxygen to carbon dioxide for the plant. The mitochondria break down sugars produced by photosynthesis to provide energy for the cellular work of the plant. The mitochondria break down fat produced by photosynthesis to provide energy for the cellular work of the plant. 30
Answer: 3 only. Answer 4 would produce ethanol. Which activity below would produce lactic acid via anaerobic respiration? Sprinting 1 mile Swimming 10 miles Sprinting 100 meters Making beer 1, 2 and 3 All of these 31
If a person has one normal and one mutant copy of the BRCA1 gene, that describes their ______. If the mutation in BRCA1 leads to breast cancer, that describes their ____________. alleles and genotype trait and phenotype genotype and phenotype trait and alleles 3
Which mutation has the most affect on the protein sequence Which mutation has the most affect on the protein sequence? mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGC-AGA Protein: MET-CYS-SER-GLY-ARG mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGA-AGA mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGC-GA mRNA: AUG-UGG-UAG-UGG-CAG-A mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGA-AGC Base substitution; no change in protein sequence. Deletion toward the end of the sequence is not as dramatic of an effect. Insertion close to beginning causes dramatic change in protein sequence. Base substitution changes last amino acid to SER.
Mutations generally fall into two types: point mutations and chromosomal aberrations (Figure 5-21 Point mutations and chromosomal aberrations). In point mutations, one base pair is changed, whereas in chromosomal aberrations, entire sections of a chromosome are altered. Point mutations are mutations in which one nucleotide base pair in the DNA is replaced with another or in which a base pair is inserted or deleted. Insertions and deletions can be much more harmful than substitutions because they can alter the reading-frame for the rest of the gene. Remember that the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by reading the bases on an mRNA molecule three at a time and attaching the specific amino acid that is specified by that sequence. If a single base is added or removed, the three-base groupings get thrown off and the sequence of amino acids stipulated will be all wrong. It’s almost like putting your hands on a computer keyboard, but offset by one key to the left or right, and then typing what should be a normal sentence. It comes out as gibberish. Chromosomal aberrations are changes to the overall organization of the genes on a chromosome. Chromosomal aberrations are like the manipulation of large chunks of text within a paper. They can involve the complete deletion of an entire section of DNA, the moving of a gene from one part of a chromosome to another, or the duplication of a gene with the new copy inserted elsewhere on the chromosome. In any case, a gene’s expression—the production of the protein the gene’s sequence codes for—can be altered when it is moved, as can the expression of the genes around it. 34
Which mutation is an example of an insertion Which mutation is an example of an insertion? mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGC-AGA Protein: MET-CYS-SER-GLY-ARG mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGA-AGA mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGC-GA mRNA: AUG-UGG-UAG-UGG-CAG-A mRNA: AUG-UGU-AGU-GGA-AGC Base substitution; no change in protein sequence. Deletion toward the end of the sequence is not as dramatic of an effect. Insertion close to beginning causes dramatic change in protein sequence. Base substitution changes last amino acid to SER.
Mutations…. Have a negative effect on the gene product. Have a neutral effect on the gene product. Can cause beneficial changes in the gene product or its expression. 1 and 3 All of the above 5
A mutation occurs in the ____ of a gene, but the disease is caused by translation of a _________. mRNA….. non-functional protein DNA….mRNA mRNA….protein with decreased function DNA….non-functional protein Answers 1 and 3 are correct 4 37