2. Regents Biology 2009-2010 Cellular Respiration ENERGY ATP 123

3. Regents Biology CO 2 + H 2 O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2O2 “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step ATP ATP + CO 2 + H 2 O (+ heat) aerobic Respiration – uses oxygen making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps glucose (carbohydrates) O2O2 enzymes

4. Regents Biology Energy needs of life - GRRSNERT  Animals are energy consumers or heterotrophs  What do we need energy for?  Synthesis (building for Growth)  Reproduction  active Transport - low to high; endo + exocytosis  movement  temperature control (making heat) - Regulation

5. Regents Biology Where do we get energy?  Energy is stored in bonds of organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins – contain C + H  Animals eat these organic molecules  food  digest food to get  fuels for energy (ATP)  raw materials for building more molecules  Carbohydrates made of simple sugars, fats made of fatty acids, proteins made of amino acids, nucleic acids made of nucleotides ATP

6. Regents Biology Releasing energy stored in food  Cellular Respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen  “aerobic” Respiration  usually digesting glucose  but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 ATP CO 2 H2OH2O  + ++ glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide O2O2 glucose ATP enzymes

7. Regents Biology What do we need to make energy?  The “Furnace” for making energy  mitochondria has folds to increase surface area  Fuel  food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Helpers  oxygen - aerobic  enzymes  Product  ATP’s (36)  Waste products  carbon dioxide  then used by plants  water O2O2 glucose ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O

8. Regents Biology Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage  carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP + P Useable energy Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate

9. Regents Biology release energy A Body’s Energy Budget eat glucose Synthesis (building) energy needed even at rest activity temperature control { Growth Reproduction repair { storage glycogen (in the liver) fat - ↑ calories { ATP 1 2 3

10. Regents Biology What if oxygen is missing?  No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration  Anaerobic respiration  also known as fermentation  alcohol fermentation - yeast  lactic acid fermentation – bacteria, human muscles  occurs with no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria/prokaryotes)  can only make very little ATP (2)  large animals cannot survive for long  some ATP is better than NO ATP O2O2

11. Regents Biology Anaerobic Respiration  Fermentation  alcohol fermentation  yeast  glucose  ATP + CO 2 + alcohol  make beer, wine, bread  lactic acid fermentation  bacteria, animals  glucose  ATP + lactic acid  bacteria make yogurt  animals feel muscle fatigue – the “burn” O2O2 Tastes good… but not enough energy for me! enzymes