22-1 Characteristics of Fungi 22-2 Fungal Diversity 22-3 Fungal Associations

Fungi Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic – the stalk and the cap of a mushroom are not green like the leaves of a plant; plants appear green because they contain chlorophyll; fungi do not contain chlorophyll; fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings

Fungi Kingdom Fungi have filamentous bodies – the long slender filaments weave tightly together to form the fungus body and reproductive structures A giant fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae in the Malheur National Forest in Oregon was found to span 8.9 km² (2,200 acres), which would make it the largest organism by area.

Fungi Kingdom Fungal cells contain chitin – cells of all fungi have walls made of chitin (the tough material found in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods)

Fungi Kingdom Fungi have nuclear mitosis – in plants/animals the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis; in mushrooms the nuclear membrane remains intact and mitosis is complete when the nuclear membrane pinches in two

Fungi Structure Hyphae – slender filaments that make up fungi bodies Mycelium – tangled mass of hyphae

Fungi are Heterotrophic Fungi digest food outside their bodies Hyphae tips secrete powerful digestive enzymes that break down organic matter

Fungi are Decomposers In their search of food, many fungi attack nonliving organic matter and decompose these materials. Other fungi absorb nutrients from living hosts, which sometimes become weakened and succumb to infection or disease.

Fungi Reproduction Fungi reproduce by releasing spores. Spores form in reproductive structures (basidia) at the tips of hyphae. Reproductive structures (mushrooms) extend high above the food source so that air currents can carry the spores to a new habitat. When a spore lands in a suitable place, it begins to divide and soon gives rise to a new fungal hypha.

SPORES Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporophyte. a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. A chief difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores have very little stored food resources compared with seeds. Once conditions are favorable, the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte.

Phyla of Fungi Zygomycota: black bread molds Ascomycota: morels, truffles, yeasts, cup fungi Basidiomycota: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti - sexual reproduction has not been observed): Penicillium, athletes foot, ringworm, blue cheese mold

Fungal Associations Lichen – symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner in which the fungal partner protects the photosynthetic Mycorrhizae – symbiotic association in which a fungus transfers minerals to a plant’s roots, which in turn supply carbohydrates to the fungus

Fungi Quiz Label the parts of the mushroom

Fungi Quiz What substance makes up the cell walls of fungi? CHITIN

Fungi Quiz How do fungi obtain energy? FUNGI ARE HETEROTROPHIC DECOMPOSERS. THE HYPHAE TIPS SECRETE AN ENZYME THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATERIAL.

Fungi Quiz How do fungi reproduce? FUNGI REPRODUCE BY SPORES.

Fungi Quiz Molds belong in the ________ phylum. ZYGOMYCOTA

Fungi Quiz Yeast belongs in the __________ phylum. ASCOMYCOTA

Fungi Quiz Mushrooms belong in the __________ phylum. BASIDIOMYCOTA

Fungi Quiz Describe the symbiotic association that occurs in lichen. A fungus and a photosynthetic partner in which the fungal partner protects the photosynthetic partner

Fungi Quiz Describe the symbiotic association that occurs in mycorrhizae. Fungus transfers minerals to a plant’s roots, which in turn supply carbohydrates to the fungus

Vocabulary – Due Monday Endomycorrihizae Hypha Fungi imperfecti Lichen Mycelium Septa Yeast Zygosporangia Ascocarp Ascus Basidium Chitin Dikaryon Dikaryotic Ectomycorrhizae Endomycorrihizae

Fungus Survey Day 1 – Mushroom and Yeast Day 2 – Mold and Lichen

Mushroom Diagram mushroom – label cap, stem, gills