1. KINGDOM FUNGI

2. Objectives: SWBAT summarize the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
SWBAT summarize the process of mitosis and describe other methods of reproduction in fungi.
SWBAT describe how organisms in this group obtain nutrients
SWBAT differentiate between the four major groups of Kingdom Fungi

3. FUNGI FACTS No direct relationship with plants
Main decomposers (release _______ into the atmosphere and ______________ into soil(decomposers break down dead material using ENZYMES)
Form MUTUALISTIC relationships with plant-like protist, algae, in Phylum Chlorophyta. This symbiotic relationship is called LICHEN.
Yeasts produce ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by product of FERMENTATION.

4. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Eukaryotic Cells: contain double-membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cell of fungi is less complex than the eukaryotic cell of animals.

5. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
They do NOT form tissues or organs; they form hyphae.

6. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Nonmotile: do not move on their own

7. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Heterotrophic (absorb nutrients)
Saprophytic
Parasitic

8. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Asexual and/or Sexual life cycles

9. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Cells have a cell wall (like plants) but it contains chitin (like animals!), not cellulose

10. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Most are decomposers of organic material (some are parasitic)

11. KINGDOM FUNGI CHARACTERISTICS
Terrestrial

12. How Fungi Eat (Heterotrophic)

13. How Fungi Eat (Heterotrophic)
Saprophytic: recycle nutrients from dying or dead matter back into food webs.
Parasitic: absorb nutrients from living cells.
Mutualistic: relationship with algae and plants (lichens).

14. Reproduction in Fungi
Mitosis: asexual reproduction in which one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

15. Reproduction in Fungi Mitosis

16. Cell Cycle

17. Reproduction in Fungi
Budding: asexual reproduction in which the new cell develops while attached to the parent cell. Example: unicellular yeast

18. Reproduction in Fungi
Fragmentation: asexual reproduction that occurs when the mycelium of a fungus is broken off or fragmented.

19. Reproduction in Fungi
Spore Reproduction: asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi include production of spores.
Spores: a reproductive haploid cell with a hard outer shell that develops into a new organism without the fusion of gametes.

20. Structure of Fungi: Filamentous
The body of fungi is made of a structure known as mycelium.
Mycelium is a network of filaments called hyphae.
Hyphae: thread-like filaments made of long chains of cells

21. FUNGI CLASSIFICATION
DIVISION ZYGOMYCOTA (Zygote Fungi): Soil and dung molds, black bread molds
DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA (Sac Fungi): wood decaying fungi, morels, truffles, mildews, molds, yeasts
DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA (Club Fungi): mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf and coral fungi, rusts, smuts
DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA (Imperfect Fungi): Athlete’s foot, ringworm, candidiasis

22. DIVISON ZYGOMYCOTA
Asexual reproduction: spores with round cases in sporangia at the tips of hyphae.
Sexual reproduction: occurs when opposite mating hyphae grow towards one another and make contact

24. DIVISON ZYGOMYCOTA
Live off plant and animal remains in the soil (or our kitchens!)
Incomplete septae between cells
Zygomycota species on an orange 

28. DIVISION ASCOMYCOTA (Sac fungi)
Cup-type fungi which use this cup to form spores for asexual reproduction
Spores in protective sac-like structures called ascus.
Partially divided cell walls
Yeasts: unicellular fermentors – help make bread, wine, beer
Fermentation produces alcohol and CO2

29. Division Ascomycota

30. Division ascomycota

32. Yeasts have been used for centuries in brewing and baking

33. DIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTA
Reproduce sexually: hyphae from two mating types meet
- Cellular fluid is swapped
- Mushroom produced which releases spores
Spores are in a club-like structure called a basidium.
Complete septa (cell wall)

34. Structure of a Basidio Mushroom

40. DIVISION DEUTEROMYCOTA
ONLY asexual reproduction
Includes Penicillium

41. Division deuteromycota

42. Fungi Ecological Interactions
Decomposition: break down of organic matter
Nutrient Recycling: nitrogen is available for plants and therefore consumers
Mycorrhizal: symbiotic relationships with plants (both plant and fungus benefit)
Parasites: only fungus benefits, host organism is harmed
Lichen: symbiotic relationship with algae; benefits protist and fungus

43. Decomposition
Fungi and other microorganisms decay wood by releasing enzymes that "digest" specific wood components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. 
The products of this decay are then absorbed as food. 

44. Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen and carbon are cycled from decaying organisms to be used by producers and then consumers

46. Mycorrhizal Associations
Symbiotic relationship with most plants (beneficial)
Fungus provides inorganic nutrients to plant
Plants provide fungus with organic nutrients from photosynthesis (food)

48. Parasitic Relationships: Harmful to Host/good for the fungi

49. Parasitic

50. LICHEN Symbiotic relationship beneficial to fungi and protist
Fungi provides protection, structure and inorganic nutrients for algae
Protist (Chlorophyta: green algae) provide organic nutrients through photosynthesis (food)