A GENDA

E UROPE IN THE M IDDLE A GES 1. Drill – What conditions should exist in a society to encourage population growth? 2. Powerpoint – Europe in the Middle Ages 3. Take notes, make questions 4. HOMEWORK – read and OUTLINE on your own 139 – 141 (the late Middle Ages)

E UROPE IN THE M IDDLE A GES I. Peasants, Trade and Cities During the high Middle Ages, Europe’s population grew from 38 to 74 million. Why?  The New Agriculture  Climate change helps crops  Peasants cultivated more land by cutting trees and draining swamps  New technology helps farmers:  Iron makes stronger devices  The carruca = new iron plow that could deal with tough clay soil.

 Improved crop rotation by using three fields instead of two.  The Manorial System  Landowning nobles needed time to pursue the “art of war”  Manors = the land owned by the nobles (also known as lords)  Peasants worked the land; lives dictated by seasons  Peasants that were legally bound to the land were SERFS  Serfs had to pay rent, work the land and live under the lord’s control  By 800, 60% of Western Europe = serfs

 The Revival of Trade  Italy took the lead with trade  Venice – had mercantile fleet (ships for trade). Was a trade hub by the 900s.  As trade countries stop bartering and want actual $  Money Economy develops – economic system based on $ Commercial Capitalism (where people make investments in trade and goods to make profits)

 The Growth of Cities  Revival of trade revival of cities  Cities usually formed when merchants and artisans settled down near a trade route  People in cities = bourgeoisie  Cities are walled for protection; also dirty, crowded and stinky  Cities organized into guilds (business associations)

II. Medieval Christianity and Culture Popes controlled territories in Italy: Papal States. Made popes more political than spiritual.  The Papal Monarchy  In the early middle ages, churches got tangled up in the feudal system – nobles/landowners would appoint bishops and then the bishops would have to work for the nobles  Pope Gregory VII decided he was personally chosen by God to fix the church – said nobles could no longer appoint church people, only the church could!

 Pope Gregory said if any ruler didn’t like the new rule, the pope would remove them.  German King Henry IV disagreed; wanted to appoint bishops to help him out.  1075, Gregory passed an official decree that forbid any church person from getting appointed by a secular (non-church) person.  Pope Innocent III followed Greg, and brought the Catholic Church to its most powerful  Believed that the Pope was the supreme judge of everything in Europe!

Pope Gregory VIIIPope Innocent III

 New Religious Orders  Late 1000s – early 1100s, religion became popular  Cistercian Order = active Christians; went out into community  Lots of nuns – intellectual women entered convents  Franciscan Order = founded by Francis of Assisi; preached repentance and aided the poor. Also did missionary work.  Dominican Order = devoted to battling heresy (denial of basic church teachings). Developed the INQUISITION court or Holy Office to investigate possible heresy.

Saint Francis of Assisi Cistercians doing their thing.

 Popular Religion  Sacraments = baptism, marriage and communion  Veneration of saints  Worshipping of apostles  Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome  Architecture  New church architecture = romanesque  Rectangular  Stone arched roofs  Massive pillars and walls  No windows DARK!

 Gothic – reached peak in 1200s  Ribbed vaults and pointed arches  Flying buttress – heavy, stone, arched supports on the outside of church walls  Walls thinner, lots of windows with stained glass note the pointed arches!

Stained glass and ribbed vaults Flying buttresses

 Universities  Comes from the Latin word that means “corporation” or guild  Early universities = guilds of education  Kings, popes and princes founded new universities  By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe  Taught classes using lecture (which, in Latin, means “to read”)  New literature also written in vernacular – the language of everyday speech