Chapter 18: Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1: The Age of Exploration

I CAN… 1.) Describe the causes and effects of European exploration after 1400 including: 1.) Describe the causes and effects of European exploration after 1400 including: A.) Imperialism A.) Imperialism B.) Colonialism B.) Colonialism C.) Mercantilism C.) Mercantilism D.) Impact on the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas D.) Impact on the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas

Europe Gets Ready to Explore Reasons why they begin to explore: Reasons why they begin to explore: 1.) Wanted to find a sea route to trade for silks and spices of E. Asia 1.) Wanted to find a sea route to trade for silks and spices of E. Asia 2.) Had the right technology 2.) Had the right technology Arabs- Astrolabe Arabs- Astrolabe Chinese- Compass Chinese- Compass Portuguese- Caravel Portuguese- Caravel 3.) Kingdoms become stronger and wealthier 3.) Kingdoms become stronger and wealthier 4 major kingdoms: 4 major kingdoms: 1.) Portugal 1.) Portugal 2.) Spain 2.) Spain 3.) France 3.) France 4.) England 4.) England

Spain Fights England After Columbus, the Spanish went on to build a vast empire in America After Columbus, the Spanish went on to build a vast empire in America Soon after Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Inca, gold and silver began to flow in to Europe from Spain’s empire in America Soon after Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro conquered the Inca, gold and silver began to flow in to Europe from Spain’s empire in America Meanwhile, Spain and England had become enemies Meanwhile, Spain and England had become enemies Due to England aiding the Dutch’s (part of Spain’s empire) Protestant revolt Due to England aiding the Dutch’s (part of Spain’s empire) Protestant revolt Also, Elizabeth I allowed English pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships Also, Elizabeth I allowed English pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships Fed up, Spanish King Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to invade England Fed up, Spanish King Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to invade England England’s smaller, faster ships win England’s smaller, faster ships win Shows that England is now the world power Shows that England is now the world power

What is Mercantilism? The idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver The idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver Best way to do this: export more than you import Best way to do this: export more than you import Also thought countries should set up colonies Also thought countries should set up colonies Produce goods their parent country does not have Produce goods their parent country does not have Europeans began setting up trading posts in Asia and North America Europeans began setting up trading posts in Asia and North America Took silver to Asia and brought back spices and silk to Europe Took silver to Asia and brought back spices and silk to Europe Trading overseas was very expensive Trading overseas was very expensive Businesses needed people to invest to help pay costs Businesses needed people to invest to help pay costs Major projects needed a group of investors to back it Major projects needed a group of investors to back it Became known as joint-stock companies Became known as joint-stock companies

Global Exchange 1.) What foods came from America to Europe? 1.) What foods came from America to Europe? 2.) What foods came from Europe and Asia to America? 2.) What foods came from Europe and Asia to America? 3.) What new animals were brought to America? How did they change life in America? 3.) What new animals were brought to America? How did they change life in America? 4.) Describe the movement of people during this time? 4.) Describe the movement of people during this time? 5.) How did Europeans change Asian society? 5.) How did Europeans change Asian society? 6.) What new diseases were brought to America by Europeans? Who did they effect? 6.) What new diseases were brought to America by Europeans? Who did they effect?

Section 3: The Enlightenment I CAN… I CAN… 1.) Define the Enlightenment 1.) Define the Enlightenment 2.) Define natural law 2.) Define natural law 3.) Describe the contributions to the Enlightenment including: 3.) Describe the contributions to the Enlightenment including: A.) Thomas Hobbes A.) Thomas Hobbes B.) John Locke B.) John Locke C.) Montesquieu C.) Montesquieu D.) Voltaire D.) Voltaire E.) Diderot E.) Diderot F.) Rousseau F.) Rousseau

New Ideas about Politics During the Enlightenment, political thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific ideas to gov’t During the Enlightenment, political thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific ideas to gov’t Claimed there was a natural law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reason Claimed there was a natural law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reason This law was key to understanding gov’t This law was key to understanding gov’t

Who was Thomas Hobbes? Argued that natural law made absolute monarchy the best form of gov’t Argued that natural law made absolute monarchy the best form of gov’t Humans were naturally selfish and violent; could not be trusted to make own decisions Humans were naturally selfish and violent; could not be trusted to make own decisions People need to obey a very powerful gov’t People need to obey a very powerful gov’t Only a strong ruler could give people direction Only a strong ruler could give people direction

Why is John Locke Important? Used natural law to affirm citizens’ rights and to make gov’t answerable to the people Used natural law to affirm citizens’ rights and to make gov’t answerable to the people Believed gov’t should be based on nat’l law Believed gov’t should be based on nat’l law This law gave all people, from birth, certain natural rights This law gave all people, from birth, certain natural rights Life, liberty, and right to own property Life, liberty, and right to own property Believed the purpose of gov’t was to protect these rights Believed the purpose of gov’t was to protect these rights All gov’ts are based on a social contract w/ its people All gov’ts are based on a social contract w/ its people If a ruler took away people’s natural rights, the people had the right to revolt and set up a new gov’t If a ruler took away people’s natural rights, the people had the right to revolt and set up a new gov’t

Who Was Montesquieu? French thinker who said England’s gov’t was the best bc it had a separation of powers French thinker who said England’s gov’t was the best bc it had a separation of powers Power should be equally divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a gov’t Power should be equally divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a gov’t Legislative= Makes laws Legislative= Makes laws Executive= Enforces laws Executive= Enforces laws Judicial= Interprets laws and punishes those that break laws Judicial= Interprets laws and punishes those that break laws By separating these powers, gov’t could not become too powerful and threaten people’s rights By separating these powers, gov’t could not become too powerful and threaten people’s rights

What Do Enlightenment Thinkers Believe? 1.) Use reason to change society 1.) Use reason to change society 2.) Disagreed w/ Church leaders who opposed new scientific discoveries 2.) Disagreed w/ Church leaders who opposed new scientific discoveries 3.) Freedom of speech 3.) Freedom of speech 4.) Individual’s right to liberty 4.) Individual’s right to liberty

Who Was Voltaire? Greatest thinker of the Enlightenment Greatest thinker of the Enlightenment Had a strong dislike of the Roman Catholic Church Had a strong dislike of the Roman Catholic Church Opposed the gov’t supporting one religion and forbidding others Opposed the gov’t supporting one religion and forbidding others Thought people should be free to choose their own beliefs Thought people should be free to choose their own beliefs

Who Was Diderot? Did the most to spread Enlightenment ideas Did the most to spread Enlightenment ideas Created the Encyclopedia that became the thinkers’ main weapon against traditional ways Created the Encyclopedia that became the thinkers’ main weapon against traditional ways

Rousseau’s Social Contract Claimed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on reason Claimed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on reason Felt that people should pay more attention to their feelings Felt that people should pay more attention to their feelings Believed human beings were naturally good, but civilized life corrupted them Believed human beings were naturally good, but civilized life corrupted them To improve, people should live simpler lives closer to nature To improve, people should live simpler lives closer to nature Stated that a workable gov’t should be based on a social contract Stated that a workable gov’t should be based on a social contract This is an agreement in which everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants This is an agreement in which everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants

The Enlightenment and Women At this time, we see women thinkers calling for women’s rights Most powerful= Mary Wollstonecraft Believed that women have reason so they should have the same rights as men in education, the workplace, and in politics