1. Ch. 18 answer key

2.  What two things did Newton’s laws show?  Newton’s laws showed that with good information people can correctly predict the movement of any falling object on Earth and they can predict the movement of the moon and the planets.  Define reason.  Thinking in a logical way.  Did Newton conduct experiments to discover gravity?  No, he used reason alone.  If laws could be found that controlled human behavior, what could be solved?  The problems of society could be solved.

3.  Define enlightened.  Having a belief in reasoning; moving away from ignorance.  Define ignorance.  The state of not knowing much.  What were the three goals of the Enlightenment thinkers?  They wanted to improve how people live.  They wanted to think clearly and logically, without letting their feelings guide them.  They wanted to use scientific reasoning to examine every part of society – education, religion, economics, law and government.  What is another name for the Age of Enlightenment?  The Age of Reason.

4.  According to Hobbes, why did people agree to give up their freedom to a ruler?  People gave up their freedom because livers were short and unhappy, so they gave up freedom to a ruler to gain order and safety.  What kind of power does Hobbes think the government should have?  Hobbes believed rulers needed absolute power to keep people from fighting themselves.  Define contract.  A legal agreement.

5.  According to both Hobbes and Locke, the people are in a contract with the ________.  Government. This is known as the SOCIAL CONTRACT.  What three rights did Locke believe people are born with?  The right to life, property, and liberty.  What must the government do about your rights?  The job of government was to protect these rights.  What do the people have the right to do if the government fails to protect the rights?  The people had a right to rebel when the government failed to protect their rights.  Define virtue.  Goodness to one another.

6.  What did each branch of the English government do?  Parliament made the laws. (Legislative)  The king enforced the laws. (Executive)  The courts interpreted the laws. (Judicial)  Why did Montesquieu believe separating powers did?  Montesquieu believed that separating the powers kept each of the three branches from becoming too powerful.  Did Rousseau believe people were good or evil?  Rousseau believed that people were naturally good.  How did Rousseau answer the question “Why people do bad things?”  Rousseau said because civilizations developed. He believed that society makes them do bad things.

7.  Define Enlightenment.  A time in European history when thinkers and writers tried to solve the problems of society by using reason.  What city was the center of the Enlightenment?  Paris was the center of the Enlightenment.  Define salons.  A meeting of artists, writers, and thinkers in a Paris home during the Enlightenment.  What happened at salons?  Guests read poems, played music, talked about new books, plays, the latest scientific ideas and shared their opinions.  What did King Louis XV do to Voltaire?  Twice threw him in jail for criticizing the monarchy.

8.  What quote is attributed to Voltaire?  “I may not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”  What three rights or freedoms did Voltaire believe belonged to every person?  Free speech, free press, and religious freedom.  Whose job was it to protect these rights?  The government has to protect these rights.

9.  Why did Denis Diderot publish an Encyclopedia?  Diderot want to put together all of this knowledge so that everyone could learn it.  What did Diderot’s Encyclopedia do for the Enlightenment?  The work of Diderot helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.  Define prejudice.  An unfair opinion; an opinion formed without collecting all the facts.  What enlightened thing did Maria Theresa of Austria do?  She established schools for all children between ages 6 and 13.

10.  Define baroque.  The type of complex music developed in the late 1600s.  List the two great baroque composers that were mentioned.  Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel.  Define classical.  A type of music from the 1700s and 1800s that is orderly and balanced; in the style of ancient Greece and Rome.  Define symphony.  A long musical work played by a group of musicians using many different instruments.  Who were the two most important classical composers?  Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

11.  What ideas influenced ideas about government?  Ideas about order and balance.  What did enlightened thinkers want to use reason for?  To improve people’s lives and all parts of society.

12. laissez-faire:  policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.  divine right:  belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.  mercantilism:  policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold or silver.

13. What did scientific success from the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s convince educated Europeans?  Scientific success from the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason.

14. Which thinker came up with the idea of the social contract?  Thomas Hobbes was the thinker who came up with the idea of the social contract.

15. Who presented the idea that people have natural rights and the government has an obligation to those it governs?  John Locke presented the idea that people have natural rights and the government has an obligation to those it governs.

16. Who introduced the idea of separation of powers?  Montesquieu introduced the idea of separation of powers.

17. Who attacked corrupt government, inequality, the slave trade, and was a strong supporter of free speech?  Voltaire attacked corrupt government, inequality, the slave trade, and was a strong supporter of free speech.

18. Who sought to change thinking on religion, philosophy and government by compiling philosophes ’ work in the Encyclopedia ?  Denis Diderot sought to change thinking on religion, philosophy and government by compiling philosophes ’ work in the Encyclopedia.

19. Who supported the idea of the good of the community as a whole should be placed over the good of the individual?  Jean-Jacques Rousseau supported the idea of the good of the community as a whole should be placed over the good of the individual.

20. Who supported the idea of laissez-faire and wrote The Wealth of Nations ?  Adam Smith supported the idea of laissez-faire and wrote The Wealth of Nations.