Water Services Trust Fund Social Animators & Field Monitors Training Workshop  What is sanitation?  The Sanitation Value Chain  Sanitation in urban Kenya  Main sanitation challenges  What is sanitation?  The Sanitation Value Chain  Sanitation in urban Kenya  Main sanitation challenges 1

What is sanitation? According to you? Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple hand washingwith soap) (source: Wikipedia) 2

1 What is sanitation? According to the World Health organisation (WHO): "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities.... The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal” 3

1 What is sanitation? The term "sanitation" is applied to a wide range of subjects such as:  Improved sanitation - refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation  On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines and septic tanksl  Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control  Ecological sanitation - an approach that tries to emulate nature through the recycling of nutrients and water from human and animal wastes in a hygienically safe manner 4

1 The Sanitation Value Chain What is the sanitation (value) chain according to you?

Presentation Outline 6 Infrastructure Development Business Opportunities

Sanitation access nationally according to The WHO/UNICEF – JMP for Water Supply and Sanitation(2010 ) Overall access = 31% Rural = 32% and urban = 27% access to private toilets Shared in urban H/H = 52 % Open defecation = 2.6% Sewer systems = 19.5% (urban households) Sanitation Situation in Kenya

No.Facility% use 1.Traditional Pit Latrine Improved Pit Latrine Pour Flush Toilets Toilet Linked to Septic Tank Toilet Linked to Sewer Public (Fee Paying) Facility Other Sanitation Facility Ventilated Improve Pit Latrine Open defecation (OD) Flying Toilets Others (Biogas, UDT, Open Discharge0.18 Sanitation facilities and practice used in Kenya’s urban low income areas (Source: MajiData) Urban sanitation coverage figures Sanitation situation in urban Kenya

Sanitation challenges Some of the main sanitation challenges are: Low access to sanitation at the household/plot levels Limited network of sewer systems (settlement & town level) Few WSPs with functioning wastewater treatment plants Poor designs of affordable and sustainable sanitation solutions for the poor Lack of water to improve hygiene Poor sanitation monitoring and tracking for reporting Over-expectation that waterborne solutions will be implemented in urban low income areas Non-prioritization of urban low income areas

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