1. Ward City River & Environs Peri- domestic (street, school, work- place) Home The urban environment  World Bank 2004

2. (street,school, workplace) Peri- domestic Street Sewers Home House Connections An “engineer’s” view Central Treatment Works City Collectors Ward  World Bank 2004

3. Ward Sewer Mains House Connection Home Peri- domestic Street Sewer City Interceptor/ Collector River & Environs Treatment Plant/Outfall  World Bank 2004 The “Household Point of View”

4. Some questions that arise Wastewater treatment standards  Objectives of standards: health, environment?  What standards can we afford?  Uniform treatment standards or vary with receiving water and its use?  Reuse of wastewater when there is water scarcity (industrial/irrigation) Sanitation and public health  How do we set priorities on sewerage investment?  Which towns?  Which streets?  Where is onsite sanitation (infiltration) acceptable?  World Bank 2004

5. Focus on the household… Where most disease transmission occurs Where families are most exposed and most vulnerable How to target sanitation investments where they will have the biggest impact?