1. Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Afghanistan Conference on Sanitation
2016
Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
Farhad Safi, Urban Wastewater and Sanitation Expert, GIZ-WSIP
23rd November 2016

2. Sludge Management (before)
Even the urban population traditionally used water saving dry-toilets
The faeces was typically mixed with ash or soil and used in agriculture
Source: all images WSIP, GIZ, 2014

3. Sludge Management (now)
Traditional sanitation is increasingly being replaced with water based on-site facilities (60%).
But, they create problems, because:
The holding tanks are not water tight
Sludge is not emptied regularly
The emptying is not regulated and is expensive.
The sludge is not treated
Source: all images WSIP, GIZ, 2014

4. What is Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)?
Faecal Sludge: Comprises all liquid and semi-liquid contents of pits and vaults accumulating in on-site sanitation installations (latrine, toilets , septic tanks and etc.)
EAWAG SANDEC 2008,pg 4
FSM is a management system that safely collects, transports, and treats fecal sludge (also called septage) from pit latrines, septic tanks or other onsite sanitation facilities.
Photo Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

5. Sewer network pumping stations
MDGs
Treatment plant
Sewer network pumping stations
Water closet
Sewerage
Treatment plant
Vacuum truck
Transfer
Primary emptying
Latrine or septic tank
Fecal Sludge
Management
for on-site
systems

6. Sewer network pumping stations
SDGs Targets
Treatment plant
Sewer network pumping stations
Water closet
Sewerage
Treatment plant
Vacuum truck
Transfer
Primary emptying
Latrine or septic tank
Fecal Sludge
Management
for on-site
systems

7. Causes, Problems and Effects of missing FSM
Low Political will, Poor awareness
Inadequate legal and regulatory basis
causes
Lack of coordination between FS Stakeholders
Irregular frequency of emptying
Indiscriminate dumping and reuse of FS
Problem
Mixed waste dumping
Inadequate financial capacity
All cities will not have underground sewer
Topographical Constraints
Economical Efficiency
Unplanned Areas
Low Density Area
More than 90% of the population use onsite sanitation systems in Kabul City
Core Problem:
Effects of the FSM
Urban Land Use
Water Resources ( Surface Water and Ground Water)
Water Supply
Solid Waste and Storm Water Management
Municipality, existing service providers and stakeholders are brought together to craft regulations, creating sustainable operating models and participating in the training, thus will enable the service providers to work under a legal framework.
A treatment plant is then implemented
Semi-centralised FS treatment – a strategic tool to minimize costs, indiscriminate dumping, health risks and water pollution. (Montangero et al., 2002, p. 3–4)
Environment Contamination
Effects
High risk of transmission of gastro-intestinal infections, Morbidity and Mortality

8. Types of Access to Sanitation Facilities in Kabul
Type of Access
Percentage (%)
Centralized System
MACRORAYAN 5
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System
DEWATS and Similar 2
Wastewater Discharge Through Open Drains/channels)
Traditional Dry Toilet 30
Different kinds of Water-Borne Facilities ( Soakage Well, Holding Tanks) 60
Open defecation 1
A soakage well is typically a pit with an unsealed based and walls erected from concrete rings.

9. 21 % 79 % 9% Treatment End-use/ disposal Transport Emptying
Kabul / Afghanistan (23. June 2016)
Desk based
Status: DRAFT
Treatment
End-use/ disposal
Transport
Emptying
Containment
De-centralized 2%
WW delivered to de- centralised treatment 2%
WW treated 1%
Offsite sanitation
Centralized 5% 4%
WW delivered to centralised treatment 1% 2%
WW not treated 9%
Discharge to Drain
W15: 2% 1%
WW not delivered to treatment 5%
Onsite sanitation
Dry Toilet
30%
FS contained - not emptied
F8: 15% FS
delivered to treatment
FS treated
FS emptied
F5:4%
15%
12%
Soakage Well & Holding Tanks
60%
30%
FS not treated
FS not delivered to treatment
90%
21 %
FS not contained – not emptied
30%
33%
Open defecation
OD9: 1% 1% 1% 8% 6%
79 %
Local area Neighbourhood City
Key:
Variable nr : % of flow
Safely managed
Unsafely managed
© University of Leeds, as part of the "SFD Promotion Initiative" project, with financial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

10. Thank you!