In the 1500’s scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation. It was a Renaissance of Science!

(File this information away for future reference!) Medieval View ARISTOTLE’S THEORY The Geocentric Theory - sun, moon, and planets revolve around the earth in circular paths. Christian church supported Geocentric Theory. The church taught that God created the heavens & earth and deliberately placed the earth in the center. (File this information away for future reference!)

Scientific Revolution – new theories based on observation. Nicholas Copernicus – Polish cleric who studied planetary movements for 25 years concluding the earth & other planets revolve around the sun. (Heliocentric Theory) Copernicus knew his theory would offend the church and waited until near his death to have his findings published.

Men who changed the world.

Johannes Kepler – studied the work of Danish astronomer,Tycho Brahe and concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. Kepler established that planets move in elliptical orbits and his work totally supported the theories of Copernicus. Galileo – Developed the Law of the Pendulum and disputed the theories of Aristotle. Built and successfully used a telescope Contradicted the teachings of the church

Trial of Galileo Tried by the church and convicted of heresy. Forced to recant his teachings. Kept under house arrest until his death.

- Observation - Hypothesis - Analyze & Interpret - Conclusion Scientific Method A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. This method was supported by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. - Observation - Hypothesis - Analyze & Interpret - Conclusion

Francis Bacon – not a scientist but a politician who supported the scientific method which he believed would improve people’s lives. Rene Descartes - developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry. He though everything should be questioned and proven. Famous Quote – “I think therefore I am.” Isaac Newton – Theory of Motion. He believed that all physical objects are affected equally by the same forces. (Law of Universal Gravitation)

Robert Boyle – Father of Chemistry Robert Boyle – Father of Chemistry. Known for Boyle’s Law explaining the relationship between volume, temperature, and gas pressure. FYI – During the Scientific Revolution, many of the laws of science established by Aristotle were proven wrong by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and others. Also, the heliocentric theory was first proposed by Hellenistic scientist, Aristarchus but was rejected in favor of Aristotle’s geocentric theory. ( 1300 years)

Scientific Discoveries Janssen – invented the microscope Torricelli – developed the mercury barometer Fahrenheit – developed the mercury thermometer Jenner – vaccine for small pox

Anton von Leeuwenhoek – used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings. He also saw red blood cells for the 1st time. Anders Celsius-a Swedish astronomer, created another scale for the mercury thermometer in which water freezes at 0 degrees. Andreas Vesalius – a Flemish physician dissected human corpses and published his book, On the Fabric of the Human Body, which was filled with drawings of organs, bones, and muscle.

The Scientific Revolution questioned accepted beliefs in science The Scientific Revolution questioned accepted beliefs in science. Enlightenment questioned accepted beliefs in society including government, religion, philosophy, economics, and education. Together they changed Europe and eventually the world.