Membrane distillation Technology & Applications Hein Weijdema, CTO May 2014

Membrane Distillation Membrane Distillation is a breakthrough technology with unique characteristics It can treat almost any water source It runs on low-grade heat It produces pure distillate It has high recovery ratios

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A novel technology: membrane + thermal separation

A novel technology: membrane + thermal separation Vacuum: lower boiling point = lower temp Condensation: re-use of heat 2nd Barrier: Hydrophobic membrane Large Surface: thin films = small volume

A novel technology: membrane + thermal separation vacuum Feed water Principle: Separation by differences in vapor pressure using hydrophobic membranes (membrane distillation) Characteristics Thermal separation process: non sensitive to concentration or particle size Operating at low pressure (vacuum): the process can be driven by low temperature heat Enlarge surface areas (A): thin water films Hydrophobic membranes (B): guarantee 100% separation Re-use of the heat (C): multi-stage process Plastic-made (PP & PTFE): no corrosion, dry membranes No leakages: friction welding manufacturing

A novel technology: membrane + thermal separation  Repetition of individual units into multi-stage systems (below) Concentrate Low temp heat Feed Distillate Feed thermally separated into distillate and concentrate System powered by low grade heat (vacuum) Multi-stage process: re-use of heat

Adjustable Recovery Ratio Schematic of the process Heat Distillate Feed Adjustable Recovery Ratio Concentrate Cooling

Technology Products Applications Aquaver

Aquaver products portfolio WTS-40 which produces 60l/h and WTS-1000 which produces 1m3/h. Both are commercially available and CE certified. certified product

Aquaver MDS-1000 Processing modules Feed Cooling Input Distillate output + Brine output WTS-40 which produces 60l/h and WTS-1000 which produces 1m3/h. Both are commercially available and CE certified. Heating

Detail of control unit WTS-40 which produces 60l/h and WTS-1000 which produces 1m3/h. Both are commercially available and CE certified.

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Sustainable desalination Waste Heat Diesel Generator Seawater For small communities (up to 5000 people) With existing or new diesel generator installations For permanent or emergency situations

Brine treatment Technology insensitive to concentration levels or particle size I will show you 2 examples of the characteristics of the systems. The first one is we tested the quality of the distillate for several concentrations of seawater salinity (instant ocean). You can see that we do not go up to 35gr/l, which is close to the limit of RO, but 5 times higher, up to 175gr/l. In all the range, the conductivity is constant and below 3mg/l (<5uS/cm). Recovery ratio (RR): close to saturation point Distillate quality: 1µS/cm

Landfill leachate Parameter Units Feed Distillate Brine pH   4 7.0 2.7 Conductivity µS/cm 8900 <10 92000 COD ppm 380 <1 4320 BOD 100 1135 HCO3 5000 120 SO4 5.9 <0.1 67 P 3.4 40 NH4 690 7830 N (total) 700 7950 Na 920 <0.05 10449 Ca 90 <0.01 1024 Fe 9 <0.02 105 Al 0.3 3 Mg 81 K 400 4540 B 11 125 Ba Sr 0.7 7 Zn 0.05 1 SiO2 reactive 15 170 SiO2 total 19 215 Cl- 1500 17040 Cl2 (free) F- 35 TSS 37 420 TOC 443 5032 Landfill leachate: landfill waste + water. It contains: organic and inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, etc. Recovery ratio (RR): 90% Distillate quality: <10µS/cm

Nanoparticles wastewater Industrial and difficult-to-treat waters Wastewater industry Feed input: Salinity: 55 gr/l Feed contains Ca, K, Na, SiO2, HCO3, SO4, etc. Results: Recovery ratio (RR) = up to 80% (approaching crystallization limit) Pure distillate production Nanoparticles wastewater Feed input: Concentration SiO2: 316 mg/l Average particle size: 45.5nm Results: Recovery ratio (RR) = 96% Distillate: <2mg/l SiO2 (below detection limit) Concentrate SiO2: 8800 mg/l

Industry: Waste to Value Reduction Waste heat Distillate Concentrate Waste water H2O Reduction

Industry Case 1: demiwater from waste heat Rainwater discharge Before: Distillate production With Aquaver systems: Heat discharge demiwater

Industry Case 2: Concentration of waste or product Discharge Before: Distillate production Discharge With Aquaver systems: Heat discharge

Industry Case 3: Material recovery Discharge Before: Distillate production Material recovery With Aquaver systems: Heat discharge

Industry Case 4: Combining technologies Before: With Aquaver systems: Heat discharge Distillate production Electricity Electricity Discharge Discharge

Case study I: Sustainable desalination Challenge: Sustainable seawater desalination Solution: Aquaver MDS 500 powered by waste heat from diesel generator Basic information Location Gulhi, Maldives When February 2014 Customer Aquiva Foundation Product MDS 500 Technical characteristics Clean water output m3/day 12 Feed water seawater Distillate water quality µS/cm <50  Electrical energy consumption kWh/m3 2.2 Thermal energy consumption 90 Uptime (for a 1 month period) % >97%  Gulhi, Maldives MDS 500 at Gulhi desalination plant

Case study II: Landfill leachate Basic information Location Houthalen-Helchteren, Belgium When April 2014 Customer Group Machiels Product MDS 1000 Technical characteristics Feed water Landfill leachate Feed water quality mS/cm 9-11  Clean water output m3/day 24 Distillate water quality µS/cm <30  Recovery ratio % 90 Electrical energy consumption kWh/m3 2 Thermal energy consumption 180 Uptime (for a 1 month period) >95%  Challenge: Reduce landfill leachate water footprint in a robust and economical way Solution: Aquaver MDS 1000 driven by low-grade heat MDS 1000 at Machiels water treatment plant

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About Aquaver Aquaver is based in the Netherlands. Part of the Ecover Group, a global organization with a strong sustainability track record. Developed world’s first commercial systems based on membrane distillation. Products with wide range of applications. Marketing, sales and maintenance coordinated with our local partners.

Oosteinde 114, 2271 EJ Voorburg, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 703 002 570 E-mail: info@aquaver.com Website: www.aquaver.com