The vertebrate story… Agnatha Extinct: Ostracoderms *Covered by bony armor *Mostly small fish 2cm (some up to 2m) *Small mouth openings *4 openings.

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Presentation transcript:

The vertebrate story…

Agnatha Extinct: Ostracoderms *Covered by bony armor *Mostly small fish 2cm (some up to 2m) *Small mouth openings *4 openings on dorsal surface of head *Extinct after abundance of jawed fishes on the scene

Agnatha Extant: “Cyclostomes” Hagfish and Lamprey *Are not as closely related as might appear *Hagfish are scavengers that lack the rasping denticles of lamprey *Most Lamprey are parasitic ds_trawl/images/HagfishLR.jpg

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes… Broad-gilled Hagfish Broad-gilled Hagfish

Extant Jawless fishes…

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Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

Extant Jawless fishes…

Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 1) Placoderms (ex. Arthrodires) had large boney plates and paired fins /Zimg/dicksonosteus.jpg

Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 2) Chondrichthyans (cartilagenous fishes) *Includes sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish *Cartilaginous skeletons *Many with placoids *No bony operculum s/sharks04_r2_c2.jpg /fish/large/ratfish.jpg

Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 3) Teleostomes (spiny and bony fishes) *Acanthodians are (spiny fishes) are extinct *Had skeleton of bone and cartilage *Had an operculum es/R-acanthodians.gif

Osteichthyans Shared ancestors with tetrapods Have an air sac Dermal bone Paired fins… either ray finned (actinopterygii) or fleshy finned (sarcopterygii)

Actinopterygii Basal groups include Sturgeon and Paddlefish %20&%20Sturgeon%202.jpg

Actinopterygii Advanced groups include Gars, Bowfins and Teleosts (most other bony fish) 0Alligator%20Gar% JPG

Sarcopterygii Have fleshy lobed fins, internal nares and a bony operculum 2 major clades: Actinistians, extinct except “coelocanths” Rhipidistians (and dipnoi) “lungfish” 5/1116/34-14-Coelocanth.jpg gfish.jpg

Amphibia *Paraphyletic group… omitting amniote descendants *Extinct groups include Labrynthodonts (Ichthyostega) *Extant group (Lissamphibia) includes: Apoda (caecilians) Urodela (salamanders) Anura (frogs) r.jpg s_theme/frogs_K/frog_species/barred/images/barred_leaf_frog _jpg.jpg tanus-PC1b.jpg

Amniotes Group includes Reptiles and Synapsids Reptilia (paraphyletic) Chelonia (testudinea) “turtles” Rhynchocephalians “tuatara” Squamates “lizards, snakes etc.” Crocodylians “crocodiles” etc. Aves “birds”

Synapsids Amniotes with synapsid skull, hair, mammary glands & nipples (most)

Mammalia Monotremata

Mammalia Marsupialia

Mammalia Insectivora

Mammalia Xenarthra

Mammalia Tubulidentata

Mammalia Pholidota

Mammalia Chiroptera

Mammalia Primates

Mammalia Lagomorpha

Mammalia Rodentia

Mammalia Carnivora

Mammalia Pinnipedia

Mammalia Perissodactyla

Mammalia Atriodactyla

Mammalia Hyracoidea

Mammalia Proboscidea

Mammalia Sirenia

Mammalia Cetacea

Cloaca/Eggs No front teeth (or no teeth at all) Opposable thumbs Peg-like teeth (African) Pouch Scaly Smooth cerebral cortex/sharp teeth Two pairs of incisors (only central growing) Wings Aquatic ungulates without hind- limbs Aquatic with nostrils on top of head Canine with fins/terrestrial birth Growing incisors/hoof-like nails Incisors form tusks Single pair of growing incisors Ungulates with even # toes/paraxonic foot Ungulates with odd # toes (usually)/mesaxonic foot Well developed canines

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