1. ¿ What anatomical/physiological features distinguish vertebrates?
¿ Who are vertebrates related to, and how are they related to each other ?
¿ In what ecosystems do vertebrates occur ?
¿ What are the roles of vertebrates in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ?
¿ How many different kinds or species of vertebrates are there ?

2. The vertebrate story…
There are over ____________ living vertebrate species
For every ______ species there were ~100 that are now ______
Vertebrates are found …
Vertebrates range in size from tiny …
small enough to fit on a coin, to _________________who are so huge their heart is a big a small car
Vertebrate lifestyle is …
obtain energy as both carnivores and herbivores with many specializations in between

3. 1) __________________:
The vertebrate story…
Two major groups of vertebrates
1) __________________: *
* (~1,000 species)
* (~27,000 species)
* (~6,400 species)

4. _________ , which also has two major groups: _________________ -
The vertebrate story…
Two major groups of vertebrates…
_________ , which also has two major groups:
_________________ -
* (~300 species)
* (~8,000 species)
* (~25 species)
* (~9,700 species)
Synapsids –
* (~4,800 species)

5. ¿How many species are there on planet Earth?
The vertebrate story…
New species…
¿How many species are there on planet Earth?
Estimates vary by an order of magnitude!
Thousands of species described annually
Most are small and of “other” kingdoms… still some vertebrates being described.
Examples…

7. Agnatha Extinct: * *Mostly small fish 2cm (some up to 2m)
*4 openings on dorsal surface of head

8. Agnatha Extant: ______ and ________ * *Hagfish are …
*Most Lamprey are…

9. Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
1) ___________ (ex. Arthrodires) had large boney plates and paired fins

10. Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
2) __________________ (cartilagenous fishes) *Includes … *

11. Gnathostomes 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic:
3) ___________________ (spiny and bony fishes)
* ______________s are (spiny fishes) are extinct
*Had skeleton of bone and cartilage
*Had …

12. Osteichthyans Shared ancestors with tetrapods *
Paired fins… either ray finned (_____________) or fleshy finned (___________)

13. Actinopterygii Basal groups include …

14. Actinopterygii Advanced groups include …

15. __________________ * 2 major clades:
_________, extinct except “coelocanths”
___________ (and dipnoi) “lungfish”

16. ______________ *Paraphyletic group… omitting amniote descendants
*Extinct groups include Labrynthodonts (Ichthyostega)
*Extant group (Lissamphibia) includes:
______ (caecilians)
_________ (salamanders)
__________ (frogs)

17. Amniotes Group includes Reptiles and Synapsids
__________ (paraphyletic)
_________ (testudinea) “turtles”
__________ “tuatara”
__________ “lizards, snakes etc.”
____________ “crocodiles” etc.
____________ “birds”

18. Synapsids
Amniotes with …

19. Mammalia _______________ (echidnas and platypus)
_______________ (many forms, ex. kangaroos)

20. Mammalia
________________ (shrews, moles etc.)

21. Mammalia ______________ (sloths, anteaters and armadillos)
_______________ (single species… aardvark)

22. Mammalia
_____________ (single genus… Manis “pangolins”)

23. Mammalia
_______________ (bats)

24. Mammalia
_____________ (lemurs, monkeys, apes etc.

25. Mammalia
______________ (pikas, hares and rabbits)

26. Mammalia
_________________ (largest mammalian order… rats etc.)

27. Mammalia
_______________ (diverse group)

28. Mammalia
_________________ (carnivores of the sea… seals etc.)

29. Mammalia
_______________ (odd-toed ungulates… horses, tapirs, rhinos)

30. Mammalia
________________ (even-toed ungulates… sheep, deer, giraffes etc.)

31. Mammalia
_______________ (similar to rodents and ungulates ex. rock hyrax)

32. Mammalia
_______________ (elephants etc.)

33. Mammalia
_______________ (manatees etc.)

34. Mammalia
____________ (whales and company)