MARINE AND COASTAL ECOTOURISM DESTINATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM: PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES By Ir. Firmansyah Rahim, MM. Director General of Tourism Destination Development Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy Republic of Indonesia CEBU, February 2014 WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 1

Structure of Presentation Marine and Coastal Ecotourism Destination Policy, Regulation & Guidelines Best Practice and Lesson Learned Challenges for the Future: Linking to Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism

Marine and Coastal Ecotourism Destination 3 1

“Indonesia is the largest Archipelago and has the Fourth highest population in the world” more than 17,100 islands 6000 of them uninhabited With a land area of ​​ 1.9million km 2 and 3,1million km 2 of Sea 8 World Heritage Cultural Sites More than 300 diverse ethnics 742 languanges and dialects 4

Marine Tourism Map 5

Coral Triangle 6 Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) established in Indonesia, 2007 and follow by CTI Summit in Manado, Covering six countries: East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philipphines, Solomon Islands. Indonesia as a centre of Coral Triangle

INTERNATIONAL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. UNESCO: - UNWTO 1999, agreement to promote cultural preservation through sustainable tourism Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of 2001, 2. Charter For Sustainable Tourism The Hue Declaration on Cultural Tourism and Poverty Alleviation 2004; 4. ICOMOS 1999 International Cultural Tourism Charter 5. WTO Tourism Code Of Conduct 6. ICOMOS Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage (1996) - Law No 10/2009 on tourism - law No. 5/1992 on cultural heritage object - law No.23/1997 on natural environment management - law No 32/2004 on local government - Indonesia president decree No. 16/2005 on culture and tourism development policy - law No. 17/1985 on UNCLOS 1982; - law No. 6/ 1996 on indonesian waters; - law no 27 on 2007 on coastal region and small islands management - Marine and fisheries minister regulation no 16/ 2008 on coastal region and small islands management planning 1. LOCAL REGULATION - Tourism - Business - Investment - Organizing - Commitee 2. TOURISM DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN 1.- Local wisdom and cultural values Development Foundation 7

EXISTING MARINE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Lack of understanding Economic Orientation Abundant amount of illegal action Not accomodating various interest EXPECTED MARINE TOURISM PROGRAMME Common Vision Nature oriented Minimum amount of illegal action Accomodate various interests Sustainable Development Climate Change Tourism Trend Marine attraction and resources utilization Ecotourism Concept Marine and Coastal Development Concept Marine Coastal Ecotourism Destination Convension Culture Heritage Strategic Isues EconomicEducation Socially accepted, Undiscriminative, People centered, Culturally appropriate, Environmentally sound Ecology Recreation Social/culture Strategic Values I n t e r p r e t a t i o n Concept Development Framework 8

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Facilitation National Policy Research and Development Promotion International cooperation Pilot Project LOCAL GOVERNMENT Provide infrastructure program and education facilitation Local government policy Research and development promotion Regional cooperation Pilot Project MARINE & TOURISM INDUSTRY Supporting facility Tourism product and package diversification Partnership development Tourism package promotion TOURISTS Financial donation Sustainability support campaign/promotion RELATED SECTORS Facilities Infrastucture Supporting facilities MANAGEMENT Signage information Activity facilitation Preserving environment Information center Services and business cooperation employment Human resources training COMMUNITY/NGO assistance Financial Access Advocation RESEARCH CENTER Product/Tourism Package Development Services and quality Improvement Market Human Resources Improvement SUB MARINE MARINE COASTAL Stakeholders 9

Development Strategy for Marine and Coastal Destination 10 Products based on uniqueness: (a) Sea Sports (Scuba Diving and Snorkling, Surfing Fishing), (b) Interaction with animals (Observe sea mammals and birds) (c) Sailing (Yachting, Sea Kayaking) and (d) Beach Tourism (Sunbathing, Enjoying the Scenery, and visit fishing villages). The involvement of the local communities Provide welfare benefits and environmental conservation Upholding local wisdom and culture of marine Development of locality-laden accessibility and ease of service quality Promotion of responsible Safety and comfort

Development Orientation NATURAL AND SUSTAIANABLE MARINE ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT MARINE TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IMRPOVING LOCAL COMMUNITY WELLFARE 11 Development Principles Ecological, Regional marine environment can be part of the ecosystem surrounding environment. Social and Cultural Rights, Region marine environment, the local community into a livelihood Education, Values ​​contained in the marine environment can serve as a medium of science education, conservation and preservation of natural environment maritime culture. Commercial, natural environment and cultural diversity in the marine area provide value and economic benefits for local communities. Recreation, The appeal of history, culture, technology, flora and fauna contained in the region and the surrounding marine and satisfying experience for visitors.

Cruise Lines Capacity: 1000 – 6000 people Services: Full Package Facilities: Resort Category: Commercial Scale: Large Industry passenger capacity will produce 1000 Ton of solid, liquid and Toxic Waste Requires a port with international standards Destination income is very small 12

Capacity: 15 – 50 People Services: Self Supporting Facility: Acomodation Category: Non/Commercial Scale: Individual Largely private owned Geared towards sailing for hobby and recreation Doesn’t requires port Medium destination income Divided into motor and sail yacht catagory Yachting 13

capacity: 10 – 25 People services: Diving package Facility : Acommodation and diving tools category: commercial Scale: Medium sized Industry Doesn’t requires port Local community involvement is low Destination income is low Liveaboard 14

capacity: 100 – 500 people Services: Regular Transport Facility: Economy and vip category: Commercial Scale: Small to medium sized industry Requires pioneer standards port Community involvement on traditional level Cleanliness, safety and comfort is not adequate Ferry 15

Indonesia is part of Coral Triangle with more than 500 species of corals. Small islands is a dominant feature of the Coral Triangle and thousands of kilometers coastal areas that formed a huge potencies of marine tourism industry 16 Diving

Sailing Activities Back to Down Under Rally, August – October (Annually) Passage Tarakan to Papua Wonderful Sail2Indonesia, July – October (Annually) Passage Saumlaki to Batam Darwin Ambon Race, July (Annually) Passage Darwin to Ambon Sail Maluku, July – September (Annually) Passage Darwin to Ambon and Beyond Sail Indonesia, July – October (Annually) Passage Kupang to Batam 17

18

Policy, Regulations, and Guidelines 19 2

Policy, Regulation, Guidelines, & Awards (1) POLICY AND REGULATION Law No.10/2009 on Tourism : It underlines the importance of sustainable tourism development for Indonesia Green Job and Green Tourism : setting-up a national tripartite task force on green jobs, training/information program addressing the particular needs of the social partners (employers and trade unions), study on the environment-employment-economy linkages in Indonesia in response towards global climate change (started in 2011) National Park and Protected Area : Of the 50 national parks, 6 are World Heritage Sites, 6 are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and 3 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention. A total of 9 parks are largely marine. (started in 1980) 20

Policy, Regulation, Guidelines, & Awards (2) Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Destination : as part of the commitment an environmental-friendly approach with regards to a measurably neutral/zero carbon practices through adaptation and mitigation of climate change’s actions for all affected cross-sectors in the destination Responsible Tourism : providing more rewarding holiday experiences for our guests whilst enabling local communities to enjoy a better quality of life and conserving the natural environment. Development of Park and Garden : in 2011 Indonesia started to design a guideline o how to develop park and garden as public recreational center Green Homestay Development : started in A guidelines on how to develop homestay as “micro small medium enterprises” The Adoption of Green Hotel Standard : an environmentally friendly and adopts energy conservation measures relate to environmentally policy, green product, community empowerment, waste management, energy efficiency (started in 2007) Regulation on Yacht : Presidential Decree no. 79/2011, on foreign yacht visit to Indonesia Marine and Coastal Destinations Development Guidelines, Incorporation with Ministry Marine and Fishery Decree Nbr. 41/

Policy, Regulation, Guidelines, & Awards (3) Community Based Ecotourism: means of development whereby the social, environmental and economic needs of local communities are met through the offering of a tourism product, this program is actively developed in Komodo Island, Kayan Mentarang, Tanjung Putting, Sentarum Lake and Desa Pekraman (Bali). The objectives are: -To design and implement community-based eco tourism program that are consistent with local environment and culture; -To develop the capacity of villagers to critically analyze their conditions and to plan, act and evaluate the development (ecotourism) in their village; -To increase the villagers economic opportunities; -To preserve the environmental landscape and culture of the village; -To attract tourists to indigenously created and owned community-based ecotourism program Eco-Guide Standard : in 2009 Indonesia set up the standard for ECOGUIDE in order to increase professionalism and quality of guide as well as the ecotourism Conference on Sustainable Development in Tourism and the establishment of United Nations Sustainable Solutions Network (UN SDSN) Southeast Asia Hubs (started in 2013) and corporation with Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) 22

AWARD Trihita Karana: is an initiative base on local philosophy about harmony which implement at the promoting sustainability development become tools to prevent the impact of tourism development for nature and culture in Bali (2000) Citra Pesona Wisata Award by Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy: is an award event held by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Republic of Indonesia in 2010 to the tourism actors which have adopted the principles of sustainable tourism / green tourism Earth Check: Indonesia is part of Earth Check a certified sustainable travel and tourism operators; with more than 1300 clients in over 70 countries. Green Hotel Award: Green Hotel Award : Green Hotel Award is an appreciation and recognition of tourism stakeholders for adopting the ASEAN Green Hotel Standards into their services (started in 2007) 23

Best Practice and Lesson Learned 24 3

Local Government Initiative Bali Green Province Initiated on 22 February 2010, Bali Green Province is the commitment of provincial government of Bali with district and city government; private sector, NGO, academics, and local community groups. It aims to achieve Bali as a clean, healthy, comfortable, beautiful, and sustainable destination. BGP has developed 3 core programs, which are: Green Economy, Green Culture, and Bali Clean and Green 25

Local Goverment Initiative & NGO ACEH GREEN POLICY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategy as part of Aceh’s 2011 Operational Framework for REDD+ Implementation Logging Moratorium: a policy to protect forests through a logging moratorium; it has saved about 500 thousand hectares of forest in active concessions (HPHs). Actually, the government of Aceh has saved from deforestation 464,110 cubic meters of timber/year Aceh Spatial Plan : a sustainable development vision should be referred to in the planning and implementation of Aceh future development Stakeholder Engagement: a forest protection system which involves communities through activities and establishment local institutions 26

Join Venture Initiative Ministry of Tourism & Creative Economy, NGO, UNWTO Pangandaran As a major tourism destination in West Java, Pangandaran faces both opportunities and threats from tourism. Continuous degradation of natural resources and cultural values are the cost it has to pay. Supported by UNWTO and MTCE; local community of Pangandaran and local government of Ciamis have initiated tourism planning which combine environmental consideration and biodiversity conservation to tourism development. Local community groups have started adaptation initiatives by developing coral adoption tours for tourists. UNWTO and MTCE will continue its support until 2012 in developing mitigation measures in Energy Efficiency program; together with local hotel, tour operators, and business. 27

Join Venture Initiative Tree Adoption Program Green Radio and Gede Pangrango NP This adaptation initiative was started by Green Radio (an Indonesian radio station 89.2FM) that focuses on green issues together with Gede Pangrango National Park. It resulted in the planting of trees, the improvement of soil quality, and the provision of alternative production opportunities for local farmers. The Radio started its broadcasting on 28 February Currently it has about listeners mainly made up of environmentally-concerned younger adults aged between 25 and 35. Coral Adoption Program 28 Adopt a Tree Community Groups + Media + Government

Private Sector Initiative Gran Melia Jakarta Received GREEN GLOBE 21 Benchmarked Certificate (2004) under the new GREEN GLOBE 21 Certification program. It has a series of mitigation measures, covering its energy and water consumption, waste production and disposal; as well as implementing an integrated environmental and social policy. (pic: Gran Melia Hotel, Jakarta) Lodges Indonesia Ecolodge - local chain hotel is deeply committed to the conservation of this rich biodiversity area. All five lodges try to implement modest mitigation measures; while also contributing to adaptation initiative by putting a percentage of revenue to developing and supporting a range of conservation projects in the surrounding areas. Similar initiatives are also tried by other lodges, i.e. Sambodja. (pic: Sarinbuana Ecolodge, Bali) 29 Environmentally-friendly Hotel At the moment they are quite many environmentally friendly hotels operating in Indonesia. It ranges from international chain hotels who have received international awards; local chain lodges, and also small lodges.

Tangkahan, North Sumatera Tangkahan Tourism Foundation is a foundation founded by the local people in both the Namo sialang and Sei serdang village, Langkat-North Sumatera. This foundation was formed in April 20, 2001,through the deliberation of the two villages at the Kuala Buluh public hall. The mission of the Tangkahan Tourism Foundation are : to plant and to manage the Tangkahan area and transforming the area to become an ecotourism destination, which has the biological diversity conservation value. The local people are expected to take good advantage in optimizing the availability of local potential, for the best of themselves. Activities: elephant riding, caving, forest trekking, river cruising, 30

Menjangan Jungle & Beach Resort Menjangan Resort is a model nature based tourism development that is contributing to the restoration and protection of both forest and marine habitat in Bali Barat National Park. 3 conservation programs: Bali Starling Program (endemic bird), Endemic tree planting, Habitat Management Program 3 Layer System is a sustainable, productive production system that combines agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, enables continuous provision of firewood and livestock fodder even during the long dry season in West Bali, thus improving self- sufficiency of farmers Bina Cinta Alam Program is an environmental education program for pupils in local elementary schools - teach importance of conserving nature and how their behavior can affect the environment BOKASHI COMPOSTING : Committed to ecological sustainability of the resort, to make use of 25 horse manure to produce an organic fertilizer mix horse manure with other organic ingredients and ferment it with microorganism - allows fast fermentation and quick production of fertilizer. 31

Challenges for the Future (Linking to Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism) 32 4

The Importance of Ecotourism for Indonesia to generate jobs and revenue, thus providing an incentive for preserving natural areas, to raise public awareness of the many products and services provided by natural ecosystems and biological resources and respect for traditional knowledge and practices Ecotourism has the potential to reconcile economic and environmental concerns and give a practical meaning to sustainable development 33 Ecotourism in Indonesia defined as activities of responsible travelling in intact areas or in areas which are named according to the role of nature, the purpose of such activities being to enjoy natural beauty, involves education, understanding, and supports conservation, as well as increases the income of the local communities.

Marine and Coastal Destinations Linking to Sustainable Tourism Concept – Optimal usage of environmental resources – Respect Socio-cultural authenticity of host communities – Ensure viable, long term operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders – Involvement/participation of all relevant stakeholders as well as strong political leadership – Constant monitoring on impacts – High level of tourist satisfaction 34 Quality of Life - integration in the community - economic feasibility - minimal social impact Quality of Human resources - integrity - carrying capacity - preservation Quality of Experience - uniqueness - curiosity - imagination

4 Principles of Sustainable Tourism Development SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Economic Viable Socially and Culturally Acceptable Technology Appropriate Eviromentally Sustainable 35 Source : United Nations Evironment Programme on Tourism

Community Based Development for Marine and Coastal Destinations Community Based Development Planning Planing/ Implementation/ Management Economic impact for the local community 36 Positioning the community as an active role in the subject of the development of planning process Active role in the implementation and development of programs and management The role and position of the community in obtaining significant value of benefits (economic and socio- cultural)

Good Tourism Governance Model Through Destination Management Organization (DMO) and Destination Governance (DG) 37 Good Tourism Governance Tourism Management (Destination Management) Managing and Adjusting Resource Access Included Managers Tourism Quality Improvement Visit Length of Stay Expenditure Multiplier Effect Goverment Bussines Civil Society Participatory Enforcement And Compliance With Statutory Law Transparency Responsiveness Orientation On Consensus (Forum) Fair Effective And Efficient Accountability And Responsibility Strategic Vision Scale, Complexity Management, and Synergy Public Private Partnership Academician/ University

”... Tourism which takes into account the needs of the environment, local residents, businesses, and visitors ; now and in the future ”. environmentally friendly tourist, businesses, communities related to physical environment, socio cultural environment, economical environment tourists ’ satisfaction, communities ’ s satisfaction, environmental satisfaction Green Tourism and Ecotourism is Sustainable Tourism, Responsible Tourism, Quality Tourism Green Tourism and Ecotourism Linking to the Framework of Sustainable Tourism, Sustainable Tourism and Quality Tourism 38

Challenges in Developing Marine and Coastal Destination Integrated infrastructure development, management, and strategy of marketing for ecotourism destination The Procedure of CAIT (Clearance Approval for Indonesian Territory) The mechanism of CIQP (Customs, Immigration, Quarantine, Port) process, especially in length of stay (at least 6 months). Domestic/national investors in developing ecosites, marine and coastal resources Security image and management of marine resources. Environmental concerns to shipping / shipping and oil spills, excessive utilization (over- exploitation). The competence of human resources, knowledge management, networking and interpretation as well as value chain in tourism Standards, Monitoring and Evaluation: Growth of “Green” Certification Cluster development and promotion strategy for Southeast Asia and Asia Ecotourism Corridor Agenda of poverty alleviation linking to concept of "Pro-poor tourism (PPT) development and Community Based Tourism” 39

40