L AUREA S PECIALISTICA I NFORMAZIONE, E DITORIA E G IORNALISMO A.A. 2014/15 L INGUA I NGLESE D OTT. E NRICO G RAZZI C ORSO PROGREDITO (6 C FU ) L ESSONS 3-4

Chapter One Texture and Cohesion Componential cohesive relations link together small pieces of text (Table 1, p. 22) Organic relations link together complete messages in the text (conjunctions) 2

1. Grammatical cohesive devices Grammatical words as implicit encoding devices: pronouns, demonstratives, definite articles, comparatives. Co-reference: endophoric (anaphoric / cataphoric) Co-classification: ellipsis (omission/pro-word) 3

2. Lexical cohesive devices Ties between lexical or content words belonging to the same semantic field: 4 Repetition Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy Meronymy Collocation Instantiation

General nouns A cohesive mechanism whereby a word is both grammatical and lexical. Label: an expression with a non-specific noun as head which “requires lexical realization in the immediate context”. (Francis, 1994) Advance / retrospective labels A neutral label is given evaluative power by its modifier (e.g. sobering experience ). Metalinguistic labels: refer to events in the text. Labels which refer to the real world (this last distinction is not always clear though). 5

Organic ties: conjunctions Conjunctions: and, but, or, since etc. Conjunctive adjuncts: logico-semantic links indicated by adverbs or prepositional phrases (e.g. moreover, in fact, therefore etc.). They indicate: cause and effect, condition, concession, comparison and contrast. Three main kinds of conjunctions and logical relations: elaboration (restatement of given information) Extension (adds information) Enhancement (location, extent, manner, cause, contigency, accompainment, etc.) 6

H OMEWORK Chapter 1, par. 1/3, pp. 19/32 7