Chapter 17 World development and interdependence World development and interdependence

How to measure development?

Patterns

Characteristics Economic wealth (GNP) Social indicators (population, health) Other indicators (education, diet, employment, energy, trade) Economic wealth (GNP) Social indicators (population, health) Other indicators (education, diet, employment, energy, trade)

Gross National Product per capita

Schooling in LEDCs and MEDCs: classrooms in (left) Pakistan and (right) the UK

The indicators of development used in the index are: - Literacy Rate - Life Expectancy - The GNP per person, adjusted to take into account the cost of living in that country.The HDI is a more effective measure than just using GDP, as it brings in social considerations also. However it still has problems because it does not show any of the regional differences within a country.

Causes of inequality Economic (mineral deposits, energy resources, able to develop industrially, many jobs, improve transport systems, develop new technologies and imposing trade restrictions.

Social (money to spend on education, health and better- quality housing)

Political (stable government, investing in the economy, avoiding civil war, colonial powers)

Environmental (unaffected by frequent drought, flooding, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, malaria, AIDS, pests and having clean water)

Consequences of inequality LEDCs usually have: Higher birth rates, infant mortality rates, natural increase, shorter life- expectancy, poorer educational facilities, poorer health care, poorer diet and poorer provision of services, more jobs in primary, trade deficit, need aid, less purchasing power per capita LEDCs usually have: Higher birth rates, infant mortality rates, natural increase, shorter life- expectancy, poorer educational facilities, poorer health care, poorer diet and poorer provision of services, more jobs in primary, trade deficit, need aid, less purchasing power per capita

Human Development Index (HDI)

Sustainable development

"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need."

Ladakh (India)

World trade and interdependence

Widening trade gap

Trade barriers Tariffs Quotas Tariffs Quotas

If Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America each increased their share of world exports by just one per cent, the resulting gains could lift 128 million people out of poverty.

Appropriate techonology Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. An appropriate technology, in this sense, typically requires fewer resources, which means lower cost and less impact on the environment.

Trading blocs - to increase the volume and the value of their trade - to increase the volume and the value of their trade

Aid Aid is given by donor countries to recipient countries to help their development, or help them recover from a natural disaster.

Different types of aid Government (Bilateral) International organisations (Multilateral) Voluntary (Non-Governmental Organisations) Short-term/emergency Long-term/sustainable Government (Bilateral) International organisations (Multilateral) Voluntary (Non-Governmental Organisations) Short-term/emergency Long-term/sustainable

Government (Bilateral) Often conditional/tied

International organisations (Multilateral)

Voluntary (Non-Governmental Organisations) Charities

Short-term/emergency

Long-term/sustainable

Case studies